Term
| types of endocrine action |
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Definition
1. water-soluble hormones bind to IMP receptor on cell surface to trigger rapid responses via secondary messengers w/in cells (e.g., epinephrine)
2. lipid-soluble hormones pass through cell membrane and nuclear envelope, then binding to protein receptors that activate DNA expression (e.g., steroids like testosterone, estradiol). |
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Term
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Definition
| at the base of the brain, secretes hormones that regulate endocrine function of pituitary gland |
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Term
| pituitary gland (endocrine) |
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Definition
| at the base of the brain, secrete hormones that regulate homeostasis, endocrine function of adrenal glands and gonads, milk production and secretion in mammary glands. E.g., ADH, prolactin, FSH |
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Term
| thyroid & parathyroid (endocrine) |
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Definition
| (neck region) secrete hormones that regulate metabolic and developmental rate, and calcium uptake for bone growth. |
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Term
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Definition
| (along anterior small intestine) secretes hormones that regulate blood sugar levels. E.g., insulin, glucagon. |
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Term
| adrenal glands (endocrine) |
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Definition
| (on top of kidneys) secrete hormones that regulate metabolic rate. E.g., epinephrine. |
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Term
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Definition
| secrete hormones that regulate development of 1 and 2 sex characteristics in females. E.g., estradiol, progesterone. |
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Term
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Definition
| secrete hormones that regulate development of 1 and 2 sex characteristics in males. E.g., testosterone |
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Term
| functioning in an aquatic realm |
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Definition
- gills use countercurrent exchange
- respiration: blood flows across filament of gills in direction opposite to H2O flow, gas exchange rate is maximized; some fish are obligate air breathers through gut evaginations |
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Term
| types of lateral undulation |
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Definition
a) anguiliform: flexion of more than 1/2 a sinusoidal wavelength
b) carangiform: flexion of caudal region of body
c) ostraciform: flexion of tail fin only (body inflexible) |
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Term
| overcoming gravity in an aquatic realm |
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Definition
a) positive attack of pectoral fins in H2O column during forward motion
b) swim bladders may serve dual purpose of gas exchange/buoyancy
c) static lift enabled by low density lipids |
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Term
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Definition
a) decreased body length leads to decreased surface area for viscous drag
b) decreased body surface irregularities leads to decreased viscous drag
c) decreased percentage of body that flexes leads to decreased inertial drag
d) higher aspect ratio leads to lower inertial drag and burst speed |
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Term
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Definition
| - use a spherical lens to focus |
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Term
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Definition
| mouth relatively sensitive |
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Term
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Definition
| specialized lateral line system of neuromasts (keeps track of orientation, water pressure, and current) |
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Term
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Definition
| modified muscle cells, electrolytes, synchronously generate positive current (600v) - orientation, communication, predation |
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Term
| why give up aquatic life? |
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Definition
- increased food availability
- increased oxygen availability
- decreased predation pressure
- stable climate |
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Term
| how does a land animal evolve in H2O? |
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Definition
flexible lobed fins facilitate prey capture for ambush predators
- if living in H2O w/ low O2 levels, swim bladder that maintained buoyancy could also be used as a means of obtaining O2 (gulping air) |
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Term
| ancestral group to all tetrapods (sarcopterygii) |
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Definition
- lobed fins
- dorsally oriented eyes on elongate head
- ventrally projecting ribs
- ichthyostega & acanthostega
- digits in fins
- partially ossified articulating vertebral centre
- enamel on teeth
- opercal bone, caudal fine, lateral line |
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Term
| labyrinthodonts (infoldings of enamel on teeth) |
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Definition
group radiated in two directions
1) reptilomorpha
2) batrachomorpha - AQUATIC LIFESTYLE, gave rise to modern amphibians |
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Term
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Definition
1. true cephalization and a tripartite brain housed w/in cranium
2. increased complexity of sensory organs
3. pharyngeal musculature for increased H20 velocity (incr. respiration).
4. bone for incr. sensory and activity levels
- JAWS & APPENDAGES ABSENT |
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Term
| Order Myxinoidea (hagfish) |
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Definition
NOT CONSIDERED TO BE VERTEBRATES ANYMORE
- multiple blood sinuses each with its own 'heart'
- vertebral elements of midline fins are absent
- isosmotic with seawater
- cranium composed of fibrous sheath instead of cartilage/bone
- only one semicircular canal
- spleen missing |
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Term
| order Petromyzontoidea (lampreys) |
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Definition
- global distribution (salt & fresh waters except tropic/arctic zones)
- anadromous -> ascend streams to spawn, mature in the sea
- funnel shape mouth with keratinized teeth and protrusible tongue with similar coverings, oral glans secrete anticoagulant
- 7 pairs of gills for respiration and assist kidneys with osmoregulation, single heart with autonomic ennervation |
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Term
| gnathostomata (jawed fishes) |
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Definition
- jaws present
- 2 paired appendages (pectoral/pelvic)
- development of postorbital process (seg. muscles from eyes/jaw)
- distinct ducts link gonads to urogenital sinus
- spleen available |
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Term
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Definition
- lateral line system along trunk with specialized scales that grow superficial to the lateral line
- jaws rise from pharyngeal arches
- enlargement of adductor mandibularis muscle -> holding prey with jaws closed & independent of pharyngeal gills
- more complete vertebrae with attached ribs
- distinction of hypaxial & epaxial musculature
- myelinated neurons -> increased rts. of action potential
- conus arteriosus receives blood from ventricle |
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