Term
| What are the three planes, and how do they divide a vertebrate? |
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Definition
1: Frontal plane - divides into dorsal and ventral
2: Sagittal plane - divides into left and right sides
3: Transverse plane - cross section view |
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Term
| What does the directional term "rostral" mean? |
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Definition
| Towards the very front of the head, beginning at the neck. |
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Term
| What does the directional term "cranial" mean? |
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Definition
| Towards the front end of the body. |
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Term
| What does the directional term "caudal" mean? |
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Definition
| Towards the back end of the body (ex. tail). |
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Term
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Definition
| Moving towards the middle. |
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Term
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Definition
| Moving towards the sides, left and right. |
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Term
| What does the directional term "proximal" mean? |
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Definition
| Nearing the center of the body. |
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Term
| What does the directional term "distal" mean? |
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Definition
| Moving away from the center of the body. |
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Term
| What are the three subphyla under the phylum Chordata? |
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Definition
1: Vertebrata
2: Cephalochordata
3: Urochordata |
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Term
| The subphyla Cephalochordata and Urochordata are usually called/classified as...? |
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Definition
| Invertebrates, or protochordates. |
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Term
| What are the three basic body regions in vertebrates? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| The concentration of sense organs on the anterior end of an organism, namely the head. |
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Term
| What does the trunk contain? |
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Definition
| The coelom and most of the viscera, or internal organs. |
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Term
| The two sets of paired appendages that vertebrates most often have, and which are divided into an anterior and posterior pair, are named (respectively)...? |
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Definition
| The pectoral and pelvic appendages. |
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Term
| Define a vestigial organ or appendage. |
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Definition
| A not used, and often small, body part that an organism may be evolving out of. |
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Term
| What is metamerism? Give some examples. |
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Definition
| The repetition of structures in the longitudinal axis of the body. Ex: Segmentation, muscle planes, spinal cord. |
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Term
| What are the three most important characteristics that ALL chordates share (explain each one)? |
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Definition
1: Pharyngeal gill pouches and slits - these must be in the throat region and present at some point during development.
2: Notochord - a flexible, cartilage rod that provides support and muscle attachment; it must form the basis of vertebrae in vertebrates, but may be destroyed during spine development; in all chordates, it must be dorsal to the digestive tract and ventral to the spinal chord.
3: Dorsal, hollow central spinal chord - must be filled with cerebro-spinal fluid; anterior portion may from the brain. |
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Term
| What is the central nervous system made up of? |
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Definition
| The brain and spinal chord. |
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Term
| What is the peripheral nervous system made up of? |
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Definition
| The brain, spinal chord, and nerves that branch off the spinal chord. |
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Term
| What is the one characteristic that ALL vertebrates share? |
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Definition
| Vertebrae must form around the notochord. |
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Term
| In humans, what is cervical fistula? |
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Definition
| During development, the pharyngeal gill slits in a human embryo don't close properly, remaining until after birth. |
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Term
| What are the three main purposes of taxonomy and classification? |
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Definition
1: To aid in study.
2: To show evolutionary relationships.
3: To help us better understand living things. |
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Term
| What is modern classification based on? |
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Definition
| The work of Carl Linnaeus, who used structural similarities to place living things in their groups. |
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Term
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Definition
| A group of related organisms. |
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Term
| What is the binomial nomenclature system? |
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Definition
| Each species is assigned a scientific name using the Genus name first and followed by the Species name. |
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Term
| Name the current classification hierarchy. |
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Definition
Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species |
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Term
| What rank in classification has a true biological definition - and why? |
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Definition
| Species because members of the same species should be able to interbreed in nature and produce fertile offspring. |
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Term
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Definition
| The history of a taxon. It should tell the family history. |
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Term
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Definition
| The history of an individual member of a taxon. It is the pattern of development of a single organism, from conception to death. |
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Term
| What is Von Baer's Law? Explain in detail. |
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Definition
| Ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny. In other words, embryonic development of an individual should display its evolution. Features common to all members of a group of animals should develop earlier in embryology than the features used to distinguish the subdivisions of the group. |
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Term
| What is Haeckel known for? |
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Definition
| He claimed that all vertebrates pass through an identical embryonic stage, which supports Von Baer's Law. Although it is not disputed that vertebrates DO go through similar developmental stages, his drawings were inaccurate. |
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Term
| What is the definition of homologous structures? Give an example. |
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Definition
| Structures that must develop from the same embryonic origin, but may develop into different appearances/functions. EX. Turtle beaks and bird beaks; arm bones of whales, humans, birds. |
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Term
| What is the definition of analogous structures? Give an example. |
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Definition
| Structures which adapted from unrelated tissues, but function the same, and do not show the organisms are related. EX. Bird and insect wings; shark fin and whale flipper; fish and reptile scales. |
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Term
| How do homologous and analogous structures affect the classification of animals? |
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Definition
| Homologous structures help correctly classify animals because of embryonic development, but analogous structures create mistakes in classification. |
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Term
| What is an axial skeleton? |
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Definition
| A skeleton of the skull and trunk. |
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Term
| What is an appendicular skelton? |
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Definition
| The skeleton of appendages. |
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Term
| What is the organic evolution? Who are the two main contributors? |
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Definition
The study of how living things change over time to become better suited to their environment (does NOT say how life began).
1: Gregor Mendel
2: Charles Darwin |
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Term
| Why is Charles Darwin so famous? |
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Definition
| He was the first to publish a modern theory of how things changed - through natural selection. |
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Term
| What is natural selection? What is another name for the process? |
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Definition
| Some members of a species pass inherited adaptations (which are caused by genetic mutations) to their offspring, making them better suited to survive and reproduce. Over time, these organisms would form a larger population. This is called survival of the fittest. |
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Term
| How did Mendel believe traits were inherited? |
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Definition
| There are two different alleles for each train, so the gene can either be recessive or dominant. |
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Term
| What does homozygous mean? |
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Definition
| An organism inherited two of the same alleles for a gene (ex. [P,P]). |
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Term
| What does heterozygous mean? |
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Definition
| An organism inherited two different alleles, meaning only the dominant form would be seen (ex. [P,p]). |
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Term
| What was Lamarck's theory of evolution, which was later proved incorrect by Mendel? |
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Definition
| He stated that body structures would change by use or disuse. |
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Term
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Definition
| The total number of times a specific gene shows up in a population. |
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Term
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Definition
| How often a gene shows up in the gene pool, usually given in percents. |
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Term
| What is the Hardy-Weinburg equilibrium theory? |
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Definition
| Gene frequencies should remain the same over time. |
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Term
| What are the five exceptions to the Hardy-Weinburg proposal? Explain each one. |
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Definition
1. Too small a population - causes genetic drift.
2: Gene affects natural selection - if it helps survival, the gene becomes more common.
3: Affects mating choices - if favored by opposite sex, the gene will be passed on.
4: Migration - members moving in/out of the population.
5: Mutations - disrupt frequency. |
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Term
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Definition
| Random changes in gene frequency based on chance. |
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Term
| What are two examples of genetic drift? Explain each one. |
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Definition
1: Bottleneck effect - all but a small number of species die from a sudden crisis, leaving lucky survivors.
2: Founder effect - some members of a population move to a new area and find their own population. |
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Term
| What are three patterns about adaptations? |
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Definition
1: Gradualism
2: Punctuated equilibrium
3: Mullerian mimicry |
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Term
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Definition
| Evolutionary change occurs very slowly over millions of years. |
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Term
| Define punctuated equilibrium. |
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Definition
| Evolutionary changes may occur quickly at some times and slowly at others. |
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Term
| Define Mullerian mimicry. Give an example. |
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Definition
| When a species benefits by looking like another species. EX. Frogs that look like poison dart frogs survive. |
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Term
| What are the body cavities of humans (with diaphragm), and where are their locations? |
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Definition
| The pericardial cavity surrounds the heart. The pleural cavity surrounds the lungs. The peritoneal cavity holds the gut and other viscera. |
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Term
| What are the body cavities of animals without diaphragms (such as a fish), and where are they located? |
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Definition
| The pericardial cavity surrounds the heart. The pleuroperitoneal cavity surrounds all other organs. |
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Term
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Definition
| The formation of a new species from an existing one. |
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Term
| How is speciation achieved by geographic isolation? |
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Definition
| One population becomes separated by a physical barrier, leading the two parts to form different species. |
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Term
| How is speciation achieved by temporal isolation? |
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Definition
| The timing between a group within a species differs from the rest, causing them to mate/live/hunt/etc. at different times. |
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Term
| How is speciation achieved by reproductive isolation? |
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Definition
| Two or members of a population physically cannot reproduce with one another, due to different mating habits or something else. |
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Term
| How is speciation achieved by gametic isolation? |
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Definition
| The DNA and genetic makeup of members of a population differ so much, that it is genetically impossible for them to reproduce, forming a new species. |
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Term
| How does evolution via parallelism occur? |
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Definition
| Two completely different organisms follow similar patterns of adaptation. |
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Term
| How does co-evolution occur? Give an example. |
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Definition
| A form of symbiotic mutualism, two species benefit from adapting to each others' needs. EX. A plant might evolve specific traits to attract a certain insect that will aid in reproduction. In turn, the insect will evolve the necessary traits to make it successful to both the flower and itself. |
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Term
| What is divergent evolution? |
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Definition
| When separate species evolve into similar organisms. |
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