Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| similar function but different origin |
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Term
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Definition
| physical barrier causes split |
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Term
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Definition
| seperation of gene pool in common location |
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Term
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Definition
| aka derived characteristic, shared characteristic |
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Term
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Definition
| 1. Notochord 2. Muscular post anal tail 3. Hollow nerve bundle 4. Endostyle |
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Term
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Definition
| 2 openings form in embryo, blastopore becomes anus |
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Term
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Definition
| movement of internal organs to anterior part of body, shows increased activity |
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Term
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Definition
| enamel on outside of body |
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Term
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Definition
| same osmolarity on inside as surroundings, aka hagfish |
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Term
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Definition
| spawn in fresh H2O, move to ocean for adult life aka salmon, ammocoete |
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Term
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Definition
| fish use operculum to pump water through mouth and out past gills |
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Term
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Definition
| swim constantly to maintain H2O flow over gills |
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Term
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Definition
| no gut connection to swim bladder, blood regulates gas content of bladder |
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Term
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Definition
| fish gulp air to regulate air volume in swim bladder, direct connection btwn gut and bladder |
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Term
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Definition
| canals and pores of neuromast cells that detect displacement in water |
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Term
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Definition
| modified anterior vertebrae that contact swim bladder and transmit noise vibrations that are then sent to otoliths in the inner ear |
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Term
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Definition
| electroreceptor in sharks |
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Term
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Definition
| temperature differences btwn regions of the body |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| placental connection to mother |
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Term
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Definition
| yolk provides nutrients until birth |
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Term
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Definition
| short lived, rapid reproduction and growth |
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Term
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Definition
| slow to mature, few offspring, long lived |
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Term
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Definition
| bone that replaces cartilage in bony fish and mammals |
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Term
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Definition
| two blood systems-systemic and pulmonary |
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Term
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Definition
| live underground during dry season |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| create stronger connection to spinal column |
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Term
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Definition
| bone on vertebrae that allow them to interlock |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| ear flap used to funnel sound to ear drum |
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Term
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Definition
| ear drum, external in many Anurans |
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Term
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Definition
| bones that transmit sound from tympanum to inner ear, more bones give better hearing |
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Term
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Definition
| widening of blood vessels to regulate temperature and respiration |
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Term
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Definition
| 1. Urochordata 2. Cephalochordata 3. Vertebrata |
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Term
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Definition
| Tunicates-sedentary, solitary or colonizing, mobile larva |
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Term
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Definition
| Amphioxus-mobile, no eyes, myomeres for swimming |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Marine, no fins or vertebrae, scavengers, isotonic, knot-eating |
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Term
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Definition
| lamprey larvae that is anadramous |
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Term
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Definition
| jawed verts-->jaw comes from gills |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Lungfish, obligate air breathers |
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Term
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Definition
| Coelocanths-lobe finned fish |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| sigmoidal shape seen in Chondrichthyes due to lack of ribs |
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Term
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Definition
| chimera, ratfish, etc. deep water, upper jaw fused to skull, no scales, pectoral wings "flap" to create movement, oviparous |
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Term
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Definition
| Sharks and Rays-viviparous, teeth whorls in sharks |
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Term
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Definition
| 1930's scientists decided on a the most comprehensive explanation of evolution based on all previous research and knowledge |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| type of agnathan that had dermal bone and a subterminal mouth, extinct |
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Term
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Definition
| male shark reproductive organ, he bites female then inserts 1 of 2 claspers and releases semen |
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Term
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Definition
| modified muscle cells that produce electricity, possibly for reproduction or defense |
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Term
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Definition
| discovered by Shubin, both fish and tetrapod characteristics-gills, fin like feet, mobile neck, short ribs |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| gas exchange occurs through skin |
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Term
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Definition
| tailed amphibians-salamanders |
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Term
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Definition
| tailless amphibians-frogs and toads |
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Term
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Definition
| fused lower vertebrae for support |
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Term
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Definition
| "naked snake" no limbs, embedded scales, fussorial |
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Term
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Definition
| Lives underground for most of life |
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Term
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Definition
| sperm packet used by Caudata |
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Term
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Definition
| retention of juvenille structures in adults, including external gills in some Caudata |
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Term
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Definition
| temporary aquatic habitats, mass breeding |
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Term
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Definition
| mating clasp used by male Anurans |
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Term
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Definition
| males establish territory and call for females |
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Term
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Definition
| pituitary gland horomone that starts transition from larva to adult |
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Term
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Definition
| interbreeding between two subspecies |
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Term
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Definition
| color reflects toxicity level |
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Term
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Definition
| bean shaped toxin glands on head of toads |
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Term
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Definition
| toxin produced by rough skinned newt, most deadly toxin in US |
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Term
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Definition
| ability to lay eggs on land, amniotic egg, no larval stage, 3 germ layers |
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Term
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Definition
| surrounds embryo, fluid filled |
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Term
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Definition
| allows gas exchange through shell of egg |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| bones are filled with air to allow flight |
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Term
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Definition
| extension of sternum where large pectoral muscles can attach |
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Term
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Definition
| walking on fingers and toes, allows increased activity |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| stone in stomach to aid in digestion |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| iridium layer in ground points to extraterrestrial impact that caused mass extinction |
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Term
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Definition
| proposed extraterrestrial impact caused mass extinction |
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Term
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Definition
| top of turtle shell, fused with vertebral column |
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Term
|
Definition
| dermal bone with epidermal plates on top, each with own growth center |
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Term
|
Definition
| bottom of turtle shell, some have hinge to close shell completely, concave in males to aid in reproduction |
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Term
| Temperature dependent sex determination |
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Definition
| Turtles and crocodilians, warmer temps produce larger sex, male in crocs, female in turtles |
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Term
|
Definition
| seen in crocs, teeth are same shape, different sizes |
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Term
|
Definition
| third eye in Sphenodontia that may have endocrine functions and determine horomone cycles |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| organism reaches a genetically and nutritionally predetermined size, then stops growing, usually dies soon after |
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Term
|
Definition
| ability to detach tail via muscular and spinal seperation |
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Term
|
Definition
| no eyelids or external ear opening in snakes |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| injected toxins, evolved form digestive fluids |
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Term
|
Definition
| neurotoxins (neurons) and hemotoxins (blood) |
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Term
|
Definition
| fixed fangs (short in front or back) or mobile (hinged) |
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Term
|
Definition
| mole lizards, fussorial, legless |
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Term
|
Definition
| ability to produce offspring by single sex, leads to less genetic diversity |
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Term
|
Definition
| transition region between two habitats, often where parthenogens live |
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Term
|
Definition
| closely related species reproduce and give birth, can lead to parthenogens |
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Term
|
Definition
| proposed that dinosaurs gave rise to birds |
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Term
|
Definition
| 3 forward toes, 1 backward |
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Term
|
Definition
| fused clavicle aka wishbone |
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Term
|
Definition
| bones that store excess calcium in birds that is then used to create amniotic shell |
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Term
| Shared characteristics of birds and Therapods |
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Definition
| mobile neck, feathers, tridactyl feet, digitigrade posture, bipedalism, furcula, fused bony sternum, pneumatic bones, medullary bone |
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Term
|
Definition
| climbing dinos developed gliding abilities |
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Term
|
Definition
| wings were stabalizers that evolved to allow flight |
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Term
|
Definition
| "ancient wing" had true feathers, wings, teeth, claws on wings, long tail, small sternum-->no true flight |
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Term
|
Definition
| fused hand-wrist structure in birds that has flight feathers fused to it |
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Term
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Definition
| fused tail vertebrae to pelvic girdle, allows independent movement of tail feathers |
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Term
|
Definition
| sacs attached to lungs in birds that allow unidirectional air flow |
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Term
|
Definition
| controls muscle coordination, increasingly larger in verts, starting with birds |
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Term
|
Definition
| long stiff rachis and vane, attached at manus |
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Term
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Definition
| similar to flight feathers, attached at forearm |
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Term
|
Definition
| similar to flight feathers, help streamline bird |
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Term
|
Definition
| intermediate btwn contour and down, long rachis but fuzzy vane-no barbs |
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Term
|
Definition
| short rachis, no barbs, provide insulation |
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Term
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Definition
| hairlike sensory feather, detect displacement in contour feathers |
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Term
|
Definition
| just a rachis, found around eyes and mouth |
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Term
|
Definition
| seasonal replacement of feathers after large E expenditure (migration, reproduction, etc.) sequential in most birds to allow flight |
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Term
|
Definition
| short term food storage location in esophogus |
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Term
|
Definition
| produced in crop, fed to offspring, contains proteins |
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Term
|
Definition
| anterior part of stomach, glandular breakdown |
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Term
|
Definition
| posterior, mechanical digestion, some have gastroliths |
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Term
|
Definition
| bacterial area in intestines that aid in digestion, paired |
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Term
|
Definition
| shared opening of digestive and reproductive tracts |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| 9% of birds, 1 male with harem of females |
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Term
|
Definition
| 1% of birds, 1 female with many males |
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Term
|
Definition
| Female guards territory and males come to them |
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Term
|
Definition
| more primative character, young are born independent and mobile, leave immediately, less predation but lots of E goes into egg |
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Term
|
Definition
| young are helpless at birth, easier to wipe out babies |
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Term
|
Definition
| low frequency sound emitted by natural sources |
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Term
|
Definition
| corridors for migration, species specific |
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Term
|
Definition
| use wind to get lift on long thin wings |
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Term
|
Definition
| length/width of bird wings |
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Term
|
Definition
| use thermals to gain and maintain altitude |
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Term
| Crocodile and Bird heart chamber # |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
| lizard heart chamber number |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| Ancestral dinosaurs that gave rise to birds. Had many characteristics of birds |
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Term
|
Definition
| flying reptile that had wings, which came from elongated 4 digit. Have claws on wings, sternum w large keel for flight, and head crest for streamlining |
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Term
|
Definition
| Single jaw bone, first seen in mammals, other two bones become otoliths |
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Term
|
Definition
| replace ribs in neck and allow greater neck mobility |
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Term
|
Definition
| allow greater chest mobility |
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Term
|
Definition
| fixed number of teeth and variety of types/shapes |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| premolars (deciduous)and molars (permanent) |
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Term
|
Definition
| last premolar and first molar |
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Term
|
Definition
| teeth in mammals fit perfectly together |
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Term
|
Definition
| teeth stop growing and replacing |
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Term
|
Definition
| Teeth continue growing for whole life |
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Term
|
Definition
| middle ear bones (3), 2 of which come from jaw |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| cells that destroy bacteria, transmitted to young through milk in mammals |
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Term
|
Definition
| Milk production gland in mammals, evolved for immune system purposes, nutritional value came later |
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Term
|
Definition
| determines mating timing in mammals-Ovulation, mating, fertilization, embryo |
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Term
|
Definition
| sperm stored in oviduct, fertilizes later |
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Term
|
Definition
| egg is fertilized, but waits to implant in uterus wall |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| no placenta, altricial young, development occurs in pouch |
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Term
|
Definition
| cartilage in bones causes growth, replaced by endochondrial bone |
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Term
|
Definition
| subcutaneous, associates with internal organs, provides insulation, energy storage, and metabolic regulation |
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Term
|
Definition
| allows nonshivering thermogenisis-heat production, seen largely in babies, shrinks with maturity |
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Term
|
Definition
| red blood cells, carry oxygen |
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Term
|
Definition
| lacking a nucleus, like eurythrocyes, allowing greater storage space |
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Term
|
Definition
| oldest primates, omnivores, long noses, small, ie lemurs |
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Term
|
Definition
| Old & New world monkies, apes, and humans |
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Term
|
Definition
| prehensil tail, complex social structures |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| gene for speech, movement of vocal chords away from mouth to allow greater sound manipulation |
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Term
|
Definition
| produces amalase, digestive enzyme for starch in saliva |
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Term
|
Definition
| produces lactase, digests milk fat |
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Term
|
Definition
| S-shaped curve in spine to create greater weight distribution |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| Australopithicus afarensis, found by Johanssen |
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Term
| Australopithicus robustus |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| crest on head that allows for greater jaw muscle attachment |
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|
Term
| Australopithicus africanus |
|
Definition
| slender, small jaw and teeth |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| Up right man, monogamy, first fire, widespread across Africa and Asia |
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Term
|
Definition
| cold climate, large torso, short limbs, stone tools, larger brain than modern humans, disappear when Homo sapien appears |
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Term
|
Definition
| humans evolved from Homo erectus at same time in different locations |
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Term
|
Definition
| evolved in Africa from erectus then dispersed, supported by the oldest fossils having been found in Africa and greatest genetic diversity there |
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Term
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Definition
| traced mtDNA to single source for humans, supported Out of Africa hypothesis |
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Term
|
Definition
| single source of mtDNA in humans, in Africa |
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