Term
What is the term describing this definition?
-is the ability to orient to a particular place from a variety of unfamiliar locations. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is the term describing this definition?
-refers to the ability to go in a particular compass direction.
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What are the four key phrases for the definition of dispersal?
1.one-way change of locations
2.___ ___ ___ ___ ___
3. no round-trip
4. ___ ___ ___ |
|
Definition
2. leaving one home for another
4. no seasonal return |
|
|
Term
True or False
-When animals disperse, they travel somewhere but return "home" later in the year |
|
Definition
| False, all refers to the definition of dispersal |
|
|
Term
What is the term describing this definition?
-movement away from natal area-most young animals leave the home range/ territory of their parents
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the costs of dispersal? |
|
Definition
| High Mortality and Outbreeding depression?? |
|
|
Term
why would mortality be higher for dispersal?
1.___ __ ___
2. increase locomotion
3. ___ ___ ___ __ ____ |
|
Definition
1. lack of familiarity
3. more susceptible for local diseases |
|
|
Term
What are benefits of dispersal?
1.
2.avoid local crowding and decrease competing with sedentary kin
3.
|
|
Definition
1.avoidance of inbreeding
3.potiental to locate uninhabited resources |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-one of the most fascinating activities of vertebrates
-(round trip)
-can occur many times (seasonal)
-occurs in all vertebrate classes |
|
|
Term
| What are two types of migration given for examples in class? |
|
Definition
| wildebeests, and great white sharks |
|
|
Term
| Migration has evolved in response to many different ______ pressures. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How did migration most likely evolve? |
|
Definition
| most likely through gradual change in climate and geology (continental drift) |
|
|
Term
What are the cost of migration?
1.
2. |
|
Definition
1.high survival costs
2.time spent travels means less time reproducing |
|
|
Term
| why is the cost of survival during migration high? |
|
Definition
-predators like exhausted prey
-exposes individuals to climatic events
|
|
|
Term
| what are the benefits of migration? |
|
Definition
-avoid harsh climate
-exploit favorable seasonal resources
-exploits favorable reproduction locations |
|
|
Term
What are methods of tracking migration?
1.
2.Direct observation
3.
4.Radar/ Satellite
5. Radio tracking |
|
Definition
1.Banding/ marking
3.listening
|
|
|
Term
What birds migrate?
1.insectivores and aquatic life consumers
2.
3.shore birds
4. |
|
Definition
2.seed eaters
4. carnivores |
|
|
Term
| what birds are residents? |
|
Definition
-seed eaters
-flesh eaters |
|
|
Term
| what are the two types of migration routes (flyways) from North America? |
|
Definition
1.North American
2.Oceanic |
|
|
Term
| Who are the migration champs? travels the farthest |
|
Definition
| Artic terns (fly from the arctic to Antarctica) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-bats
-sea lions, walruses
-whales |
|
|
Term
What are the types of whales that migrate?
-Humpback
-Blue
-Gray
-
-
- |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe the Gray Whale's migraton |
|
Definition
| -feed on summer polar regions, feed for 4-5 months to "store" food, then migrate 6k miles, do not feed during migration, over winter&fast in subtropics, use half of their blubber in 4-6 months, migration groups are [calves, mothers, mates], rapid growth babies, migrate back north for summer |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-frogs and salamanders return back to water
-reptiles to land (crocs and sea turtles)
-snakes are in search of dens for winter hibernation
- few lizards (except iguanas) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Salmonids to natal stream
-Atlantic eels to natal spawning area in the sea
-great white sharks- long migration between feeding grounds |
|
|
Term
| Describe Salmon migration |
|
Definition
-Eggs are laid in freshwater gravel streams (sept-may)
-alevin in freshwater streams (jan-may)
-emergence of gry in freshwater (april- june)
-smolt migraton to ocean (april- aug)
-migration to freshwater spawning ground of 2-6 year old fish.
-adult spawning in freshwater home streams (sept-april)
|
|
|
Term
| what "refers to the ability to go in a particular compass direction"? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is " the ability to orient to a particular place from a variety of unfamiliar locations? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How is navigation thought to occur? |
|
Definition
| -magnetic fields and polarized lights are used by birds, fish, sharks, salamanders, sea turtles, seals |
|
|
Term
| What is coloration a result of? |
|
Definition
| of light waves transmitted or reflected off of a surface that are detected by the eye |
|
|
Term
| What are two main types of color? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the four types of chemical colors? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| produce brown, black, dull red, dark purple |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| lack of melanin due to inherited condition |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fat based pigments that produce bright reds, yellow and oranges |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| produce red color of blood & the pinkish hue of humans |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| small crystal-like structures produce silver color (e.g.,minnow) |
|
|
Term
| What are two types of structural colors? |
|
Definition
1.scattering of light
2. interference |
|
|
Term
| describe scattering of light |
|
Definition
-microscopic surface irregularities scatter light
-produces blue and violets |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Iridescent colors- some wavelengths are reflected well and some are not therefore, as the view changes the colors may change (e.g., peacocks, hummingbirds) |
|
|
Term
| how is the color green achieved? |
|
Definition
| combination of blue and carotenoid yellow |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| scattering of all light waves |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-growth changes
-seasonal changes
-rapid changes |
|
|
Term
T/F
seasonal color changes are primarily found in birds, but not in mammals. |
|
Definition
| False. found in both birds and mammals |
|
|
Term
| where is seasonal color change prominent? |
|
Definition
| prominent in the Arctic where species need to be white during the winter and brown during the summer |
|
|
Term
T/F
Species will stay brown if not exposed to cold weather |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Seasonal change usually evolves _____ molt. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where does rapid color change take place? |
|
Definition
| some vertebrates are capable of rearrranging pigments in chromatophores |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of color? |
|
Definition
Interspecific signals
intraspecific signals
physiological |
|
|
Term
| What is meant by interspecific signals? |
|
Definition
used to manipulate a potential predator
|
|
|
Term
| What are the types of predator/prey interaction? |
|
Definition
cryptic coloration
aposematic coloration |
|
|
Term
What are the types of cryptic coloration?
1.disruptive colors
2.
3.cover-eye
4. |
|
Definition
2.counter shading
4.disguise |
|
|
Term
| describe cryptic coloration (general description) |
|
Definition
makes detection by predator harder
(e.g., spotting on a young deer, ground nesting birds where females have dull brown coloration to blend in) |
|
|
Term
| describe disruptive colors |
|
Definition
series of bold blotches of color
blotches are called chevrons
breaks up the outline of the organisms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1.found in organisms that live in the open
2. dorsal is darker and ventral is lighter in color
3.high light intensity on the top of body bleaches out the dorsal color and make the ventral side look lighter |
|
|
Term
| What is aposematic coloration? |
|
Definition
1.rather than hiding, they have bright warning coloration that contrast with surrounding
2.coloration serves as a signal to potential predators-which must learn to avoid aposematic color patterns |
|
|
Term
| What are the types of mimicry? |
|
Definition
1.Batesian
2.Mullerian
3.Mertensian |
|
|
Term
| Describe Batesian mimicry? |
|
Definition
| the model has an unpleasant attribute (e.g., noxious toxin on skin). the mimic usually don't but if the predator tries the model first then there may be a consequence. |
|
|
Term
| Describe Mullerian Mimicry? |
|
Definition
both the mimic and the model are unpalatable or toxic
-both benefit from color similarity (hence reduced predation)
-common in invertebrates (butterflies, wasps) |
|
|
Term
| describe mertensian mimicry? |
|
Definition
| moderately poisonous species is the model for non-poisonous and deadly poisonous species (e.g., false coral snake, milk snake,and coral snake) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| physiological state in which energy expenditure is greatly reduced by decreasing body temperature and rate of metabolism |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| occurs when environmental conditions exceed an individual's capacity for homeostasis (e.g., harsh climate or food/water shortage) |
|
|
Term
| Whats another word for torpor? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What vertebrates become torpid (or dormant)? |
|
Definition
1.regular cycles of dormancy are major features in a herps lifestyle,especially in extreme climates
2.among endotherms, many small to medium-sized mammals and some birds abandon homeothermy daily or seasonal |
|
|
Term
| How are ectotherms and endotherms torpor different? |
|
Definition
Ectotherms: do not regulate their body temperature during dormancy and cannot awake (arouse)
Endotherms: regulate body temperature during dormancy (albeit at low levels) and can awake (arouse) |
|
|
Term
| The types of torpor are _____ torpor and ____ torpor. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How often can daily torpor occur? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the two types of seasonal torpor? |
|
Definition
| Hibernation (winter) Estivation (summer) |
|
|
Term
| How is daily torpor beneficial? |
|
Definition
| save energy during the inactive period of the day |
|
|
Term
| What types (size, class) animals experience daily torpor? |
|
Definition
Small mammals (e.g., bats, pocket mice, shrews)
Small birds (e.g., hummingbirds, swifts) |
|
|
Term
| Why do small mammals/ birds utilize daily torpor? |
|
Definition
| Allows them to save energy that can be used later, as well as helps them conserve energy |
|
|
Term
| In daily torpor, the body temperature falls ___-___ C below the animal's ____ normal temperature. Also, oxygen consumption is less than ____ to ____ of the normal consumption rate. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Describe what happens during winter torpor or hibernation.
1.
2.
3.Heart rate markedly reduced
4.Prolonged periods of breathing apnea
5.body slows down much more than in sleep |
|
Definition
1. Body temperature can be reduced to within 1 degree or less of ambient temperature
2. oxygen consumption markedly reduced |
|
|
Term
| What is the only known avian hibernator? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What types of mammals hibernate?
1.
2.Rodents
3.
4.NA bats: some species (7+)migrate; others (9+) hibernate
5. |
|
Definition
1. Carnivores
3.Insectivores
5.Marsupials |
|
|
Term
What factors induce hibernation?
1.Cold Weather
2.
3.Increased fat
4.
5.Change in respiratory control centers sensitivity to carbon dixoide |
|
Definition
2.low food supply
4.increased serum magnesium levels |
|
|
Term
| What are the three steps for entering hibernation? |
|
Definition
1.Decrease in heart rate & breathing rate
2.Drop in oxygen consumption
3.Drop of body temperature |
|
|
Term
T/F
A sudden drop in temperature results in deeper torpor in hibernating species |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| At what temperature are arctic ground squirrels either frozen or awake? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
T/F
Hibernation is a continuous torpid state for months |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
T/F
In all mammals that hibernate, arousal takes about the same time |
|
Definition
| False (larger species require longer time) |
|
|
Term
| Hibernation arousal is an ___ process involving a high rate of ____ production. ____ fat tissue generates heat during the early stages of arousal |
|
Definition
| active process, heat production, brown fat |
|
|
Term
what are the three stages of hibernation arousal?
1.
2.Increase metabolism
3. |
|
Definition
1.Increase in heart rate
3.Reset temperature regulating mechanism |
|
|
Term
| Since arousal from hibernation takes alot of energy (it is equivalent to the energy used in ~10 days of hibernation), why do animals "wake-up?" |
|
Definition
1.Eliminate build-up of nitrogen wastes
2.restore water lost by evaporation
3. fat storage depletion |
|
|
Term
| where do herps usually spend winter? |
|
Definition
1.Herps usually spend winters where ambient temperature will not dip below freezing
2.Bottom of lakes usually 4 degrees celsius (mud and water)
3.terrestrial hibernators usually find sites below frostline |
|
|
Term
T/F
Freezing is not lethal to herps |
|
Definition
False
(freezing is 0 degrees Celsius and the freezing point of their blood is 0.5 degrees Celsius) |
|
|
Term
| How do ice crystals physically damage cells and tissues (when the animal freeze)? |
|
Definition
Intracellularly- dehydrates cells, raising osmolality
Extracellularly- blocks oxygen and nutrient flow |
|
|
Term
| What happens when freeze tolerant herps are frozen? |
|
Definition
1.Heart stops, metabolism stops, no brain activity detected for up to 2 weeks in frozen wood frogs
2.vital functions return within 1-2 hours of thawing
3. baby painted turtles remain in the nest, just below the ground surface, for their first winter and experience freezing |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Antifreeze with inside a cell (glycerol and glucose)
In wood frogs:ice triggers synthesis of antifreeze (10-15 minutes) after toes freeze, glycogen in liver --> glucose/glycerol through body) |
|
|
Term
| What happens to extracellular body water when herps are frozen? |
|
Definition
| body water becomes ice (this can be up to 40-60% of total water in body) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-summer dormancy
-less severe depression of core temperature and metabolic rate
-generally in response to drought or extreme heat (dehydration would occur quickly) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-amphibians in deserts face long periods of low humidity and no rain
-lungfish in south america and africa
-some desert rodents (e.g., cactus mouse) |
|
|
Term
| What is a benefit of torpor? |
|
Definition
| Balance the energy budget in extreme environmental conditions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Animal is helpless or no growth, reduced reproductive period |
|
|
Term
T/F
Torpor is a last resource when animals cannot deal with environment in a better way (such as insulation, or migration |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the trend in rate of a reaction to temperature? (how does the reaction rate change as temp increases?) |
|
Definition
| As temperature increase so does reaction rate and when it reaches max enzyme denaturation then it eventually falls which would indicate the animal has died. |
|
|
Term
| What happens when organisms get to hot? |
|
Definition
| Enzyme denature, and then death |
|
|
Term
T/F
Warmer animals can move, digest, perhaps think faster; acquire more resources |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does a higher reaction rate mean? (for the animal) |
|
Definition
-Higher rate of energy expenditure
-Increased food requirement
- |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| temperature regulator keeping body temperature constant |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| temperature conformer; body temperature changes with environmental temperature |
|
|
Term
Name four things vertebrates body temperature varies with?
1.
2.Reproductive state
3.Activity
4. |
|
Definition
1.Time of day
4. Disease
-fever is adaptive response to infection |
|
|
Term
| What are the different avenues of heat exchange? |
|
Definition
| Convection, conduction, evaporation, radiation |
|
|
Term
| Heat Storage= _______+/- radiation +/- ______ +/- conduction +/- convection - evaporation |
|
Definition
| metabolic heat production, radiation |
|
|
Term
Heat shortage:
(S)= 0 means |
|
Definition
| steady state, body temperature is constant |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| heat stored, body temperature increases |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| heat lost, body temperature drops |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-metabolic heat production too low to keep ambient body temperature> body temperature
-minimize energy expended for heat production. In thermally uniform environment, ambient temperature=body temperature |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| produce enough metabolic heat to elevate body temperature above ambient temperature. (use a lot of energy for heat production) |
|
|
Term
| The ____________ if the thermometer of the CNS and the _____ and surface tissue are the thermometers of the peripheral nervous system. |
|
Definition
| Hypothalamus of brain, skin |
|
|
Term
| What types of animals are Endotherms? |
|
Definition
-Some fish
-tuna relative
-lamnid sharks
-birds
-mammals
-some reptiles
-pythons with eggs
-leatherback turtles |
|
|
Term
| What types of animals are ectotherms? |
|
Definition
most fish
amphibians
most reptiles |
|
|
Term
| What happens to the metabolic rate of endotherms as ambient temperature increases? |
|
Definition
| Metabolic rate is very high as ambient temperature decreases significantly then for a period of time it levels out and finally when reaching max ambient temperature the metabolic rate goes back up (half way of beginning ambient temperature) |
|
|
Term
| What happens to the metabolic rate of ectotherms as ambient temperature increases? |
|
Definition
| As ambient temperature increases, a long gradual curve is formed increasing metabolic rate but not very significantly |
|
|
Term
| What is the thermoneutral zone? |
|
Definition
| range of ambient temperature where inexpensive adjustments in insulation and posture compensate for changes in rate of heat loss. |
|
|
Term
What are the cost and benefits of endothermy?
1.
2.Production efficiency very low (1-5%)
3.
4.Maintain activity in cold |
|
Definition
1. 90% food energy goes to heat production
3. High maximum metabolism, endurance |
|
|
Term
| What are the cost and benefits of ectothermy? |
|
Definition
-Production efficiency high (5-30%)
=maximize animal protein production
-endurance and maximal activity limited
-activity often restricted to warmer times of the day |
|
|
Term
| What are methods of keeping warm? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Shivering
-Non shivering
-brown fat
-color due abundant mitochondria, good blood supply
-oxidation uncoupled for phosphorylation
-energy release for oxidation as heat
-newborn mammals, small mammals, hibernators |
|
|
Term
| describe spatial heterothermy. |
|
Definition
-keep only critical tissue warm or cool
-locomotor muscles, eyes, brain, digestive system |
|
|
Term
| In temporal heterotermy, endothermy is _____ at times |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| hibernation is _____ heterothermy. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
T/F
Evaporative cooling is the only mechanism for keeping body temperature below environmental temperature |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
T/F
Panting and Sweating are types of evaporative cooling |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the stages of an individuals life? |
|
Definition
| Birth, Growth/development, mature, reproduction, senesce, die |
|
|
Term
| What does the life history theory explain? |
|
Definition
| Why organisms have evolved particular life history strategies |
|
|
Term
The life history theory concentrates on traits that directly impact fitness. What are these traits?
1.
2.Age at maturity (age at first reproduction)
3.
4. Mortality rates
5. |
|
Definition
1.Growth rates (pre-natal, post-natal)
3.Reproductive investment (fecundity)
5.Lifespan |
|
|
Term
T/F
Life history traits do not vary independently from each other |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Fast-life strategies are associated with ____ selection |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Slow life strategies are associated with ___ selection |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are characteristics of fast life strategies? |
|
Definition
| fast growth, early maturation, many offspring, high mortality, short lifespan |
|
|
Term
| what are characteristics of short life strategies? |
|
Definition
| slow growth, late maturation, few offspring, low mortality, long lifespan |
|
|
Term
| ____ are limited so investment in one trait comes at the ____ of investment in other traits |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Though we can control for differences in body size, we still may observe the ____ to ____ continuum in strategies |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Physiological ____ in energy allocated among growth, reproduction, and somatic maintence. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Though we control for differences in ___ we can still observe the slow to fast continuum in strategies. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Fast growth=_____ reproductive output=_____life |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Slow growth=______reproductive output=_____life. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
T/F
High adult mortality favors fast life histories while low adult mortality favors life strategies. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are extrinsic mortality factors? (ex.) |
|
Definition
| predation, harsh weather, parasites/diseases |
|
|
Term
T/F
Life history strategies do not vary with latitude |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What causes the latitudinal pattern in life history strategies? |
|
Definition
1.higher adult mortality in temperate regions favors fast-life histories
2.THE OPPOSITE IS TRUE FOR TROPICAL REGIONS |
|
|
Term
| What causes the different mortality rates and thus, different life history strategies (in the garter snakes)? |
|
Definition
Lake Shore:
-fast growth
-early maturation (2 yrs)
-high annual reproduction (litter size=8)
-short lifespan (4 yrs)
Meadow:
-slow growth
-delay maturation (4-5yrs)
-low bi-or triennial reproduction (mean litter size 4)
-long life span (8yrs) |
|
|
Term
| What are the three ways ingested chemical energy is used in the body? |
|
Definition
| Biosynthesis, maintenance, generation of external work |
|
|
Term
| Assimillation= _____ + reproductive growth + _______ |
|
Definition
| somatic (individual) growth, respiration |
|
|
Term
| Ingestion= Excretion + _______ + reproductive growth+ ________ |
|
Definition
| somatic (individual) growth, respiration |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| represents the demand the organism puts on the environment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the rate of resource use to meet environmental demands |
|
|
Term
| Assimilation - Respiration= |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| minimal metabolic rate for fasting, non-reproducing, resting animal under no thermal stress. Minimal cost of survival |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
T/F
RMR and SMR stand for the same thing |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| minimal rate under specified thermal conditions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cost of life in real world |
|
|
Term
| What is maximum metabolic rate exhibited? |
|
Definition
| Burst Activity- the best an animal can do |
|
|
Term
T/F
Burst activity is fueled by aerobic pathways and can be maintained for long periods of time for nearly all animals |
|
Definition
| False- anaerobic- body becomes acidic- cannot maintain for a longer period of time. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are reasons metabolic rates may vary? |
|
Definition
-Body size, sex, age
-Reproduction, digestion, activity, illness, social interactions, adaptation to different environments, body composition, time of day, time of year |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Growth+ Daily Energy Expenditure= |
|
Definition
| Metabolizable or assimilated energy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
T/F
Rates of heat loss vary across body surfaces differ between animals and often change adjustments in blood flow or insulation. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Circle one: Larger/Smaller animals use energy faster than larger/smaller animals |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is Mass-Specific metabolic rate? |
|
Definition
| cost of supporting one unit of mass of tissue |
|
|
Term
| Circle one: Mass-specific metabolic rates get lower as body size increases/ decreases. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What are the types of communication?
1.
2.Vocalization/ acoustic signals (sounds)
3.
4. tactile signals
5. |
|
Definition
1.visual signals/ displays
3. chemical/ olfactory signals
5. electrical signals |
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Term
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Definition
-is the interaction between at least two individuals to transmit information, include signaler and receivers
-signals usually alters behavior of receivers
-individuals may reverse roles |
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Term
| ___ usually alters behavior of the ___ and individuals may ___ roles |
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Definition
| signaler, receiver, reverse |
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Term
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Definition
-ideal communication over longer distances
-usually easy to locate
-signals can be sent without the need for sight |
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Term
| In what ways can acoustic repertoire be modified? |
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Definition
Frequency (pitch)
intensity (loudness)
timing
complexity |
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Term
T/F
Natural selection will favor signals that contrast with noise |
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Definition
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Term
| What is an example of both abiotic and biotic [environmental] factors that may obscure signals. |
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Definition
-Environmental interference may obscure signals
(e.g., abiotic factors: rain, waterfalls, wind)
(e.g., biotic factors: sound of other animals) |
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Term
| Why is it important to produce a signal that contrasts with unpredictable noise? |
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Definition
| -environmental interference may obscure signal (rain, wind, etc.) Unpredictable temporal nature of interference |
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Term
| What is an example of non-vocal sound? |
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Definition
-bats: ultrasonic echolocation
-humming midshipman fish: males sound like a squadron of motorboats or a hive of bees, competing males form an acoustic beat, females deposit eggs& leaves.
Foot- drumming in kangaroo rats |
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Term
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Definition
-includes color, movement, and changes in posture
-most effective at short distances
-easily located (bad if you are prey)
-easily obstructed and highly dependent upon light |
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Term
| Visuals signals tend to be _____, ____, and____ |
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Definition
| simplified, exaggerated, stereotyped |
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Term
T/F
natural selection favored development of markings that focus attention to the head. |
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Definition
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Term
| How is visual communication usually displayed in mammals? |
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Definition
-Facial expressions
-ears
-posture
-natural selection favored development of marking that focus attention to head |
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Term
| What are types of chemical signals? |
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Definition
-Pheromones/allomones
-urine/ feces
-scent glands |
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Term
| What characteristics of chemical signals? |
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Definition
-simple messages
-effective days or night
-transmission may be inefficient
-difficult to locate |
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Term
| What are functions of scent marking with urine or feces? |
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Definition
-marking territory
-marking self
-determining estrus
-bats-feces attract individuals & help locate the roost sites |
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Term
| What functions do scent glands serve? |
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Definition
-Diverse odors, diverse function
-attract newborn to pouches
-distinguishes species,sexes, individuals |
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Term
| Describe olfactory communication in fish. |
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Definition
-homing behavior
-can elicit escape/prey responses in prey species |
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Term
Describe tactile signals.
1.
2.Through touching, licking, waves, vibrations
3.
4.also important in parent-offspring bonding
5. |
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Definition
1.short range
2.especially important in pre-copulatory behaviors
5.primates especially developed (grooming) |
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Term
| Some _____ can detect electric signals. |
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Definition
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Term
How do fish use electric signals.
1.
2.
3.courtship
4. agnoistic behaviors |
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Definition
1.navigate and communicate in turbid waters
2.species and individuals recognition |
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Term
Animals communicate for many purpose:
1.sexual advertisement
2.
3.conflict integration
4.
5.social integration
6.
7.deter predators |
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Definition
2.territory defense
4.social integration
6.alert others about predators or food |
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Term
What is the defining word?
This area over which a group or individual travels during normal daily movements |
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Definition
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Term
| What are some home range characteristics? |
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Definition
| Maybe Linear, 2D, 3D, commonly overlap, larger species have larger home ranges, many species have permanent home ranges, migratory species have a seasonal home range |
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Term
T/F
Smaller species generally have a larger home range |
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Definition
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Term
| What are three general values of a species having a home range? |
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Definition
| Familiarity, predator avoidance, knowing neighbors |
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Term
| How does familiarity of home range aid in individual or group efficieny? |
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Definition
seeking shelter
gathering food
knowing neighbors
avoiding predators |
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Term
| What is the ultimate benefit of a home range? |
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Definition
| Reproductive/ survival advantages |
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Term
| What does the size and shape of the home range depend upon? |
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Definition
-distribution of needed resources
i. patchy, locally abundant: tend to decrease home range
ii. widely dispersed:tend to increase home range
-individual resources needed
-males tend to have large home ranges than females |
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Term
T/F
Patchy, locally abundant resources tend to increase resource size. |
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Definition
| False. decrease home range |
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Term
| What generally has a larger home range, males or females? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are factors that affect home range? |
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Definition
| Age, reproductive state, population density, body mass, season change, productivity/ resources, diet, elevation, latitude |
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Term
| What factor ultimately affects home range size? |
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Definition
| Energetic- area(annual calories consumption) |
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Term
| How can home range be determined? |
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Definition
-live trapping, observation, telemetry
-mapped by creating a polygon around outermost points |
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Term
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Definition
| defense of an area around a high priority-limited resources from which competitors are excluded |
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Term
| What is the difference between home range and territory? |
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Definition
| territories are actively defended as home ranges are not |
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Term
| Why is territory defended? |
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Definition
| access to limited resources |
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Term
| What are some examples of limited resources? |
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Definition
| food, mates, nest sites, sleeping sites, display sits |
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Term
| what is the ultimate benefit of territories? |
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Definition
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Term
T/F
Territoriality is common in vertebrates. |
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Definition
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Term
T/F
Only individuals are terrestrial |
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Definition
| False. Both mammals and birds |
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Term
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Definition
| Feeding areas, caching area, refuges, nests, mates |
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Term
| what does the size of the territory depend on? |
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Definition
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Term
| what is meant by type of territory? |
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Definition
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Term
| how is territory usually defended? |
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Definition
| not really fighting, visual displays, auditory display, chemical markings |
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Term
| what are the four types of color? |
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Definition
| melanin, carotenids, tetrapyrroles, guanines |
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