Term
| Know the 7 kinds of locomotion |
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Definition
| Swimming, Lateral Sequence Gait, Cursorial (running), Saltatorial (aka jumping), Brachiation (climbing), Aerial (gliding and flying), Fossorial (digging) |
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Term
| Basic components of appendicular skeleton |
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Definition
Girdles (pectoral and pelvis, anchors the limbs)
Fins and limbs |
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Term
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Definition
Basal, radial, and dermal fin rays (fin)
Styopodium (upper arm/thigh), Zeugopodium (forearm, shank), Autopodium (manus, Pes) |
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Term
| Name the three bones of the pelvic girdle |
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Definition
| Pubis (lower right), Ischium (roundish left), Ilium (top part) |
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Term
| Compare pectoral and pelvic girdle |
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Definition
Pectoral: scapula attached to top of girdle for flexibility
Pelvic: placed near bottom of bone, closer to the center of gravity to give support, but not directly under it, as it needs enough flexibility for cursory movement |
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Term
| Adaptations for curatorial locomotion |
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Definition
To get from lateral sequence gait, legs had to move below the axial skeleton to receive support from the pelvic girdle.
Loss of abdominal ribs gave more room to flex the axial skeleton
Having digits and limbs under body in the line of travel
And Flexion of axial skeleton from lateral to verticle.
Velocity can be increased by longer stride length or faster stride rate. |
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Term
| How to increase stride length |
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Definition
| longer bones, lengthening of limb elements via posture, increased extendability of whole skeleton (flex potential in skeleton and springing potential.) |
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Term
| What are the 3 postures of the legs |
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Definition
Unguigrade (tippy toes and hooves)
Degitigrade (just resting on the digits, no tarsels, dogs do this)
Plantigrade (bottom of foot planted on ground) |
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Term
| Explain axial flexibility |
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Definition
| Some animals like cheetahs used axial as framework to spring from. While long necked animals like horses have less flex in the axial skeleton. |
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Term
| Describe the adaptations to increase stride rate |
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Definition
Muscles at proximal end of limb (muscles at center of gravity, less at end swinging around.)
Digit reduction (digits are good for dexterity but bad for running so fewer digits=faster) |
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Term
| Name the adaptations for flight |
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Definition
Axial skeleton (fused bones in synsacrum).
Ridged Sternum/keel (like thick bone in turkey) is a place for pectoral muscles to attach.
Feathers contour reduces friction drag, surface for both thrust and lift (also prevent air from slipping through wing)
Appendicular skeleton: zeugopodium and autopodium |
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Term
| Describe the basic mechanics for flight |
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Definition
| Air passes mroe quickly over the top of the wing and the lower pressure results in lift. (top of wing has greater distance for air to travel) |
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Term
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Definition
| Produce thrust (forward motion) They are associated with autopodium. |
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Term
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Definition
| Produces lift, associated with zeugopodium |
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Term
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Definition
| Like the top of a trailer truck. It reduces turbulence by smoothing airflow. Steeper angle of attack=more lift. Taller it is less turbulence there is |
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Term
| Zeugopodium vs Autopodium |
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Definition
Zeugopodium is like forearm (middle). It gives lift/gliding. A long one means soaring
Autopodium: manus (tip) longer autopodium means more thrust/maneuverability, like a hummingbird. Can't soar. |
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Definition
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