Term
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Definition
Epidermis - outer from ectoderm
Dermis - inner from mesoderm |
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Term
| Keratinized cells on amphibians |
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Definition
| cornified layer at outer surface |
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Term
| Mucous coating of amphibians |
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Definition
| On epidermis - moist for skin breathing |
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Term
| Epidermal glands in amphibians (2) |
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Definition
1. Multicellular mucous glands
2. Granular (poison) glans |
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Term
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Definition
| Many layers of keratinized cells - dry protective covering. Granular glands appear as sweat, mammary, sebacious, uropygeal (birds), ceruminous (wax), scent, and meibomian glands (eye lid). |
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Term
| Keratinized part of epidermis in amniotes. |
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Definition
| Scales, claws, nails, and hooves. |
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Term
| Cornified layer in reptiles, birds, and monotremes. |
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Definition
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Term
| Horns and antlers of mammals. |
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Definition
| Offense, defense, and sexual play. |
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Term
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Definition
| "true horns" with dermal core covered by replaced keratin |
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Term
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Definition
| Formed by epidermal fiberrs |
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Term
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Definition
| Solid, dead dermal bones covered in velvety skin. |
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Term
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Definition
| In toothless whales - cornified sheets hanging from mouth |
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Term
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Definition
| Collagen fibers with blood vessels, nerves, sensory receptors, and pigment. |
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Term
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Definition
| Found in vertebrate dermis - pigments |
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Term
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Definition
| color changes depending on surroundings due to chromatophors |
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Term
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Definition
| Attached to hair in birds and mammals. |
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Term
| Types of muscle tissue (3) |
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Definition
1. Skeletal
2. Visceral
3. Cardiac |
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Term
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Definition
| from myotomes in embyro and myomeres in adult which are separeted by myosepta. |
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Term
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Definition
| Trunk and tail muscles. Makes up tongue. Metamerism slow disappears in amniotes. |
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Term
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Definition
| Derived from pharyngeal arches - limb muscles. |
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Term
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Definition
Disappears. Spinal nerves indicate original metamerism.
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Term
| Axial musculature division |
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Definition
| Epaxial (upper) and hypaxial (lower) separated by septum. Allow for undulating motion. |
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Term
| Loss of metamerism and myosepta in amniotes |
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Definition
| Formation of long strapped muscles - permit dorsal arching and greater undulation |
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Term
| Appendicular (limb) muscles (2) |
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Definition
1. Extrinsic - from axial to girdle
2. Intrinsic - from axial to distal |
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Term
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Definition
| Extrinsic muscle. Inserts on humerus. |
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Term
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Definition
| Extrinsic muscle. From sternum to humerus. |
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Term
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Definition
| Intrinsic muscle. From scapula and inserts on radus/ulna. |
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Term
Extrinsic or Intrinsic?
Knee Flexor
Semitendinosus
Hamstrings
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Definition
| Intrinsic, Intrinsic, Intrinsic |
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Term
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Definition
| Facial expresion (Mimetic) muscles |
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Term
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Definition
Extrinsic, voluntary muscles.
Superior, inferior, lateral, medial rectus. Superior and inferior oblique. |
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Term
| Digestive system components (2) and purpose |
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Definition
1. Alimentary canal (tube)
2. digestive glands
to provide nutrients for metabolism |
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Term
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Definition
| Salivary glands, gastric glands, liver, pancreas |
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Term
| Fish and aquatic amphibian tongue |
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Definition
| Not muscular - hyoid ridge with denticles |
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Term
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Definition
| Homodont teeth (alike), tongue has muscular extension |
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Term
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Definition
| Muscular tongue with chemoreceptors - supported by hyoid bone. |
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Term
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Definition
| Most don't have muscular movable tongue. |
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Term
| Mammal tongue attatchment |
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Definition
| Attatched to floor of oral cavity by "frenulum linguae" |
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Term
| Oral glands in mammals (3) |
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Definition
Salivary glands
1.Parotid
2.Sub-lingual
3. Sub-mandibular |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Acrodont - attatched to outer jaw |
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Term
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Definition
| Pleurodont - attatched to inner jaw |
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Term
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Definition
| Thecodont - tooth root in bony socket |
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Term
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Definition
Heterodont teeth.
1.Incisors
2. Canines
3.Premolars
4.Molars |
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Term
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Definition
| One root. One cutting plane. Main teeth in rodents, missing in cattle, and tusk in elephants. |
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Term
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Definition
| One root. Pierce and tear flesh. Largest in Sabertooth. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Laterally compressed molars in carnivores to provide sharp edge. |
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Term
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Definition
| The last upper premolar and first molar provide large cutting plate called carnassial teeth. |
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Term
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Definition
| Ungulate molars with a cresecentic surface |
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Term
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Definition
| Elephant molars with large ridges of dentine lined with enamel |
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Term
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Definition
| Human molars - round cusps |
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Term
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Definition
| Monotreme molars - 3 cone like cusps |
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Term
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Definition
| Marsupial triangle shaped cones on molars |
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Term
| Ruminant stomach and units (4) |
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Definition
Found in cud-chewing ungulates. Specialized for E.coli to produce enzyme to utilize cellulose in grass.
1.rumen
2. reticulum
3.omasum
4.abomasum |
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Term
| Cud-Chewing Ungulate Digestion |
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Definition
| Chewed material is sent to the rumen where bacteria acts on cellulose. When rumen is full the material is sent to the reticulum where more more cellulose fermentation occurs. When both rumen and reticulum are full the material is regurgitated into the mouth to be macerated into pulp. This is repeated until thoroughly mashed. The material is sent to the omasum for temporary storage. The mash is then sent to the abomasum, which is the main stomach with disgestive glands. |
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Term
| Non-cud-chewing ungulate digestion |
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Definition
| Large cecum present inbetween small and large intestine for cellulose fermentation. |
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Term
| Early kidney use and modern use |
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Definition
| Osomoregulation (water/ion balance) and now nitrogen elimination. |
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Term
| Nitrogen containing wastes (3) |
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Definition
1. Ammonia
2. Urea
3. Uric acid |
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Term
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Definition
| ammonia based metabolism of bony fish |
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Term
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Definition
| Sharks produce urea as nitrogen waste - less toxic than ammonia. Ureotelic. |
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Term
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Definition
| Reptiles and birds produce uric acid (least toxic) - removed as solids. |
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Term
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Definition
| Sharks, Amphibians, and mammals. Produce urea. |
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Term
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Definition
1. Glomerulus - filtration capillary bed
2. Bowmans capsule
3. renal tube |
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Term
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Definition
| structural/functional units of kidney |
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Term
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Definition
1. Outer cortex - contains glomeruli, bowmen's, and part of renal tubes
2. Medulla - organized pyramids
3. Inner renal pelvis - opens into ureter draining urine into urinary bladder. |
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Term
| Nephric ridge annd regions (3) |
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Definition
Kidney developmeed from nephric ridge from mesoderm.
1.Pronephros
2.Mesonephros
3.Metanephros |
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Term
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Definition
| Develops from anterior end of nephric ridge. Appears for short period in embryos of amniotes. Pronephros tubules join archinephric duct which opens into cloaca. |
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Term
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Definition
| Develops from middle of nephric ridge. Functional in ebryo of some fishes and amphibians. If persitant in adult then forms opisthonephric kidney. Mesonephric duct takes urine from opisthonephric kidney - called ureter in adults. |
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Term
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Definition
| Last part of mesonephric ridge forms this. Becomes functional kidney of all amniotes joining the ureter. |
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Term
| Lamprey kidney development |
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Definition
| Larvae have pronephric kidney, adults have mesonephric. |
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Term
| Fish, shark, and amphibian kidney development |
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Definition
| Mesonephric tubules transport sperm to mesonephric duct - vans efferentia. Upper kidney is called sexual kidney - lower is Uriniferous kidney. |
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Term
| Amniote kidney development |
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Definition
| Mesonephric kidney functional only in embryonic life. Replaced my metanephric kidney, while mesonephric ducts turns into vas deferens/common urethra. Female amniotes have Mullerian duct opening to cloaca (reptiles, birds) or exterior (mammals). |
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Term
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Definition
1. Sex cells
2. Sex hormones |
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Term
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Definition
| From genital ridges from coelomic mesothelium. |
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Term
| Sperm production and transfer |
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Definition
| Produced by meiosis in seminiferous tubules. Open into epididymis where sperm are matured. Vas deferens transport sperm out. |
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Term
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Definition
| Muscular chambered organ where embryonic development takes place. |
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Term
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Definition
| In marsupials - two uteri and two vaginal openings. |
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Term
| Uteri in placental mammals (3) |
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Definition
1. Bicornuate uterus - two uteri fuse
2. Bipartite uterus - uterus with two horns
Simplex uterus - no horns and single uteri |
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Term
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Definition
| Placenta allows exchange of molecule to embryo connected by umbillical cord. Functions as digestive, respiratory, excretory, and endocrine function for fetus. |
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Term
| Fetal blood circultion bypasses (2) |
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Definition
1.Hepatic shunt - liver bypass
2. Pulmonary shunt - lung bypass |
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Term
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Definition
| Brings nutrient rich blood from placenta into liver. Ductus venosus drains blood from liver into inferior vena cava. Closed by ligamnetum venosum. |
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Term
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Definition
| Ductus arteriosum drains blood from pulmonary trunk to aorta, bypassing lungs. Closed by ligamentum arteriosum. |
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Term
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Definition
| Reabsorbs useful molecules in kidneys |
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Term
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Definition
| Mammalian kidney feature for water conservation - U shaped |
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Term
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Definition
| Dilute solution with metabolic wastes that reaches collecting duct and is called urine. Tricklles into renal pelvis to be sent to bladder through ureter. |
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Term
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Definition
| Large glomeruli and renal tubules for retention of urea to keep body fluid hyperosmotic to sea water. |
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Term
| Land tetrapod renal tubules |
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Definition
| become longer for water conservation |
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