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| Theory of Plate Tectonics |
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| Developed by Sir Francis Bacon in the early 1600's; continents fit like a puzzle |
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| Alfred Wegner; movement of continents on Earth; continents plowed through the the crust of oceanfloor |
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| 40,000 miles of mountains that bi-sects oceans; 6,500 ft tall |
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| deep valley in the middle of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge |
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| geologist who used sonar to ping and map the bottom of the ocean; wrote paper on sea floor spreading- History of Ocean Basins |
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| ancient North America, Europe and Asia |
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| South America, Africa and Australia |
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| longest period of geological time; large changes during transitions between eras like extinctions |
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| shorter periods of time; mostly we see changes in seas during changes in periods |
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| smallest period in geological time |
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| 4.6 billion years ago to 540 million years ago; 85% of geological time; Archean and Proterozoic periods |
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| 4.6 billion yrs ago-2.5 billion yrs ago; Earth was forming; life appeared in the hydrosphere |
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| 2.5 billion yrs ago-540 million yrs ago; Major continental land masses delineated; multicellular forms arise and flourish (invertebrates and fungi) |
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| 540 million yrs ago; Periods: Cambrian, Ordovician, Silurian, Devonian, Carboniferous, Permian, Triassic, Jurassic, Cretaceous |
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| Climate: warm; Continental location: around equator, not yet to Pangea |
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| Cambrian Period: Flora and Fauna |
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Definition
| Flora: species of algae; Fauna: trilobites, branchiopods, Ostracoderms |
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| Alfred Romer and Homer Smith |
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Definition
| thought vertebrates had moved from freshwater to saltwater environment, but statement was doubted because of behaviors shown by Bull Sharks |
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| 490-440 million yrs ago; Iapetus ocean formed as continents move together; Origins of land plants from the water with little supportive tissue; Ostracoderms; Eurypterids |
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| dorsal plates that cover body; fossils found in Australia; less than a foot in length; Do not have paired appendages |
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| related to ostracoderms; lamprey and hagfish counterparts |
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| water scorpians; used clawlike structure to prey on ostracoderms (between 20cm and 2m long) |
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| What gave rise to Ghathostomes? |
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Definition
| 1 of the 4 orders of Ostracoderms |
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| NA and Greenland slightly in contact with Gondwana and Europe getting closer across Uralian Ocean; climate:warm; Land plants radiate |
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| arthropods moving out on land; Euryterids and Ostracoderms at peak number; Placoderms; evolution of jaws; Dunkleolosteus |
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| class: elasmobranchiomorphi; subclass today: Chondrichthyes(sharks); first serious jawed predetors; appearance of paired fins |
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| jawless depend on branchial apparatus; 2nd/3rd opening moves upward (spiracle); 1st set of gill bars developed into biting jaws |
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| around 9m in length; arose in freshwater and possibly gave rise to sharks along with another jaw type fish called Bothriolepis |
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| spiny shark subclass Acanthodii; class Osteichthyes; Jawed fish that are the most premitive ancestors of bony fishes; about the size of minnows, but larger forms moved from freshwater; diamond scales(ganoid); good osification of the internal skeleton(more bony cells); progeniter of a group of fish called Sarcopterygii |
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| AGE OF FISHES; land rising and inland seas and lakes forming; temperatures began to cool; appearance of 1st forests(gymnosperms); major radiation of fishes; appearance of 1st tetrapods(amphibians and wingless insects); bony fishes were prevalent freshwater forms |
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| seasonal droughts that made lungs essential for bony fishes; preadaptation |
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| Important Fish Groups: Devonian Period |
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Definition
| Sarcopterygii; Crossopterygii; Dipnusti; Branchioptyergii; Eusthenopteron |
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