Term
| What period was Tiktaalik alive during? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where was Tiktaalik fossil found? |
|
Definition
| Towards the arctic regions of Canada |
|
|
Term
| How much denser is water than air? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the significance of air density in relation to the evolution of land animals? |
|
Definition
| Medium of the environment cant support the body structure of land animals/skeletal systems has to adapt |
|
|
Term
| When an animal shifts from an aquatic to terrestrial environment what happens to their skeletal structure? |
|
Definition
| Limbs become more reinforced/girdle |
|
|
Term
| What evolved twice in amniotes? |
|
Definition
| Endothermy (in birds and mammals respectively) |
|
|
Term
| How much less viscous is air than water? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does viscosity relate to? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why does viscosity matter in relation to the evolution of land animals? |
|
Definition
| Changes feeding function/structures must evolve to get food to mouth instead of just suction |
|
|
Term
| What medium has more oxygen? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why does the high availability of oxygen matter in relation to the evolution of land animals? |
|
Definition
| Respiration is easier/less energetically expensive/gills can be lost |
|
|
Term
| Does air have more a more stable temperature regulation than water? |
|
Definition
| No, water is more stable due to chemical properties |
|
|
Term
| The lack of stability in the temperature on land correlates to what adaptation? |
|
Definition
| Ability to thermoregulate |
|
|
Term
| What sensory systems that many aquatic animals possess will be lost as they adapt to land? |
|
Definition
| Lateral line system/Electrical field sensory |
|
|
Term
| As animals shift from aquatic to terrestrial what important functions must their body systems accommodate for? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the density of body tissues? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the density of water? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the density of air? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why is the density of tissue important in relation to water density? |
|
Definition
| These densities are closer to each other/minimizing effects of gravity |
|
|
Term
| Aquatically, what is the function of the skeletal system? |
|
Definition
| Muscle attachment/transmission of forces through body |
|
|
Term
| What is notably not a function of the aquatic skeletal system? |
|
Definition
| Not required to maintain body shape |
|
|
Term
| Is tissue denser than air? |
|
Definition
| Yes, that is why body support is required for movement |
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 modifications to the skeletal system that allows for terrestrial life? |
|
Definition
| Robust ribs/girdle attachments(2 of these)/zygapophyses |
|
|
Term
| Why do terrestrial animals need robust ribs? |
|
Definition
| To support abdominal organs |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the modification of girdle attachments? |
|
Definition
| Provide support& Lift body off ground |
|
|
Term
| What are the 2 girdle attachment modifications? |
|
Definition
| Detachment of pectoral girdle from skull/attachment of limb girdles to vertebral column |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Early terrestrial vertebrate/specimen example of skeletal modificiations |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Facets between the vertebrae |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of Zygapophyses? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do the vertebrae of ray-finned fish contrast with the vertebrae of terrestrial animals? |
|
Definition
| Actinopterygian's vertebrae have a flat articular (jointed) surface |
|
|
Term
| As animals get bigger what happens? |
|
Definition
| Body increases/Bone cross sectional areas increase |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of bone-cross sectional areas? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the adaptation called that allows the terrestrial skeleton to accommodate size? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is Positive Allometry? |
|
Definition
| The making of a skeleton more robust to accommodate more mass |
|
|
Term
| What modern day animal is a good example of Positive Allometry? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is one drawback to Positive Allometry? |
|
Definition
| Loss of some flexibility/Less vigorous activity is allowed |
|
|
Term
| What is Newton's 3rd Law? |
|
Definition
| For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction |
|
|
Term
| Why is Newton's 3rd Law important to terrestrial adaptation? |
|
Definition
| To move animals exert force on their surrounding environment, which exerts a propulsive reaction force back on animal |
|
|
Term
| Does Newton's 3rd law apply to only terrestrial animals? |
|
Definition
| No, applies to all forms of locomotion |
|
|
Term
| How do terrestrial animals exert force on their environment? |
|
Definition
| Point contact such as feet/forelimbs pushing off ground |
|
|
Term
| Do fish make point contact with their environment? |
|
Definition
| No, since fish are completely surrounded by their medium any portion of their body exerts force |
|
|
Term
| What structures do terrestrial animals use for support and motion? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What structure allows for mobility of bones (which are stiff structures)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why wouldn't fish fins provide any support in a terrestrial environment? |
|
Definition
| Rays are far too flexible |
|
|
Term
| When limbs evolved from Sarcopterygian fins what structure was lost? |
|
Definition
| Rays fins that surrounded the bones of the Sarcopterygian fin |
|
|
Term
| Does the axial or appendicular skeletal system dominate the locomotion of fish? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do the body movements of terrestrial animals differ from that body movements of fish? |
|
Definition
| Reduced dependency on axial skeleton/adaptation of limbs caused shift to appendicular skeleton |
|
|
Term
| How did muscle mass shift as vertebrates moved from water to land? |
|
Definition
| Lost muscle mass in axial skeleton and gained much more in appendicular skeleton |
|
|
Term
| Does suction feeding work on land? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the new feeding strategies land animals must use? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Move head over a smaller prey animal & swallow whole |
|
|
Term
| What modern day animal uses Ram Feeding? |
|
Definition
| Large birds like pelicans/storks/cranes or snakes |
|
|
Term
| What is the biting strategy? |
|
Definition
| Taking chunks out of a bigger prey item with teeth |
|
|
Term
| What is an example of an animal that uses the biting strategy? |
|
Definition
| Pretty much all mammals/lions/tiger/bears (oh my!) |
|
|
Term
| What are 2 physiological oral adaptations to the shift to terrestrial life? |
|
Definition
| A mobile, muscular tongue & salivary glands |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of a mobile, muscular tongue? |
|
Definition
| Moves food into and around mouth/helps with swallowing (lol) |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of salivary glands? |
|
Definition
| Lubricate food as it enters digestive tract/starts chemical breakdown |
|
|
Term
| Why do gills not work on land? |
|
Definition
| They external gills structures are supported by water so on land these structures collapse and covered inner structures, blocking oxygen absorption |
|
|
Term
| Why are lungs better on land? |
|
Definition
| Air is less dense than water so it takes less energy to inhale into a sac & exhale |
|
|
Term
| What system is used by lungs to breathe? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe the process of breathing in: |
|
Definition
| Muscles associated with respiration contract expanding chest cavity which decreases air pressure in the lungs, causing air to fill the lungs |
|
|
Term
| Describe the process of breathing out: |
|
Definition
| Muscles associated with respiration relax, contracting chest cavity which increasing air pressure in the lungs, forcing air out |
|
|
Term
| Why is higher blood pressure required on land? |
|
Definition
| Blood has to flow against gravity |
|
|
Term
| What is required for the use of lungs? |
|
Definition
| 2 different circulatory circuits |
|
|
Term
| What are the 2 circulatory circuits associated with lungs? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the pathway of the pulmonary circuit? |
|
Definition
| From heart to lungs, back to heart |
|
|
Term
| What is the pathway of the systemic circuit? |
|
Definition
| From heart to body, back to heart |
|
|
Term
| Which of the circulatory circuits is oxygenated? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the circulatory circuits oxygenates blood? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which circuit returns to the heart deoxygenated? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which circuit returns to the heart oxygenated? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is the systemic circuit on the left or right side? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is the pulmonary circuit on the left or right side? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the ancestral number of aortic arches? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many aortic arches are found in Osteichythes? |
|
Definition
| 5, one gill arch lost to the formation of jaws |
|
|
Term
| How many aortic arches do terrestrial vertebrates possess? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| As vertebrates shifted from aquatic to terrestrial why did they lose 2 aortic arches? |
|
Definition
| Lost with the loss of gills |
|
|
Term
| Which specific aortic arches were lost w/ the loss of gills? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 2 layers of a terrestrial vertebrate's epidermis? |
|
Definition
| Stratum germinativum/startum corneum |
|
|
Term
| What is the stratum germinativum? |
|
Definition
| Deeper layer/living/houses blood vessels/melanocytes |
|
|
Term
| What is the stratum corneum? |
|
Definition
| Outermost/layer/dead cells/protect from abrasion |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the epidermis? |
|
Definition
| Protein/lipid protection against water loss |
|
|
Term
| What 2 structures prevent water loss in land vertebrates? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the current function of the urinary bladder? |
|
Definition
| Stores urine so it does not drain constantly |
|
|
Term
| What is ancestral function of the urinary bladder? |
|
Definition
| Probably capable of recovering water to body |
|
|
Term
| Is there any modern day animals who's urinary bladder retains the ancestral function? |
|
Definition
| Modern reptiles/amphibians |
|
|
Term
| What is Thermoregulation? |
|
Definition
| Process used by terrestrial verts. to keep an optimal body condition |
|
|
Term
| What are the 4 avenues heat is gained and/or lost? |
|
Definition
| Convection/Conduction/Evaporation/Metabolism |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Gain or loss of heat through air |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Gain or loss of heat through ground |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Loss of heat through loss of water |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Generation of heat internally |
|
|
Term
| By what avenues can heat be gained AND lost? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Through what avenue can heat only be gained? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| True or false, Evaporation is the loss and gain of heat via the loss of water? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How can an animal actively regulates it's body temperature? |
|
Definition
| Behaviorally (moving to hot/cold locations) |
|
|
Term
| What is an autonomous method of heat regulation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the physiological method of heat regulation? |
|
Definition
| The dilation/constriction of blood vessels |
|
|
Term
| What is Cutaneous Vasodilation? |
|
Definition
| The expansion of blood vessels close to body surface to allow faster blood flow which heats them |
|
|
Term
| Where does heated blood flow to? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the function of Choanae? |
|
Definition
| Allows respiration without mouth being open |
|
|
Term
| What clade is united by having Choanae? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are dactylous limbs? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is Mosaic Evolution? |
|
Definition
| Concept that major evolutionary changes tend to take place in stages instead of all at once |
|
|
Term
| What structure in tetrapod morphology shows mosaic evolution? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the tetrapod synapomorphy? |
|
Definition
| Dactylous limbs with finger/toes and no fins |
|
|
Term
| What species is an example of an early tetrapod? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What period was Acanthostega alive during? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where are Acanthostega fossils found? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Were the first tetrapods completely terrestrial? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does polydactylous mean? |
|
Definition
| Having more than 5 digits |
|
|
Term
| What are some distinct morphological features of Acanthostega? |
|
Definition
| Limbs that were polydactylous/Fin rays on tail/Gills |
|
|
Term
| What is the numbering of digits on Acanthostega's limbs? |
|
Definition
| 7 on each hindlimb/8 on each forelimb |
|
|
Term
| What kind of habitat would early tetrapods most likely live in? |
|
Definition
| Shallow waters/near shore |
|
|
Term
| Are 5 digits ancestral to tetrapods? |
|
Definition
| No, it is a derived feature |
|
|
Term
| What is the order of development in reference to digits? |
|
Definition
| Inside to outside (thumbs first, pinky last) |
|
|
Term
| How did humans mostly likely end up w/ 5 digits instead of 8? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is developmental truncation? |
|
Definition
| When development is shortened, features that are last in line to develop, will not develop |
|
|
Term
| Since suction feeding is no longer used on land how is skull mobility modified? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does the Hyomandibula change function as vertebrates moved to land? |
|
Definition
| Went from being used for skull flaring to hearing |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Modified Hyomandibula that connects skull to tympanic membrane |
|
|
Term
| What structure is the ear drum derived from? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the Stapes? |
|
Definition
| Passes sound waves to brain |
|
|
Term
| What were the habits of Acanthostega? |
|
Definition
| Hunted in shallow waters/since not surrounded by water does not use suction feeding |
|
|
Term
| What were drawbacks of the first Stapes? |
|
Definition
| Chunky/Vibrated too slowly for high pitch frequencies/Better suited for underwater |
|
|
Term
| What is the original theory for why vertebrates invaded the land? |
|
Definition
| Vertebrates escaped to land due to the drying of waterways |
|
|
Term
| Why has the original theory for why terrestrial vertebrates been discredited? |
|
Definition
| Rock records show that there are were no droughts during the Devonian Period |
|
|
Term
| What is another theory for why vertebrates invaded the land? |
|
Definition
| Verts. shifted to land to find new food sources |
|
|
Term
| Why may the theory that Verts. shifted to land to find new food sources may or may not be right? |
|
Definition
| Invertebrates had already invaded land, either providing competition for food or being the source of food |
|
|
Term
| What is the newest theory for why vertebrates invaded the land? |
|
Definition
| Vertebrates went on land to absorb heat from surrounding environment, to use in water |
|
|
Term
| What is the Lepospondyls group? |
|
Definition
| Most basal diversity of tetrapods |
|
|
Term
| What are the 2 main branches of tetrapods? |
|
Definition
| Batrachomorphs/Reptilomorphs |
|
|
Term
| What is the general family of animals derived from the Batrachomorphs clade? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the general family of animals derived from the Reptilomorphs clade? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 2 distinct groups under the Batrachomorphs clade? |
|
Definition
| Temnospondyls & Lissamphibians |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Grade of Amphibians from which modern amphibians evolved |
|
|
Term
| Did Batrachomorphs or Reptilomorphs branch off first? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Was Acanthostega or Ichthyostega more highly aquatic? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a recurring theme in early Tetrapods? |
|
Definition
| They were secondarily aquatic |
|
|
Term
| What features of Ichthyostega made it more suited to a terrestrial lifestyle? |
|
Definition
| Robust ribs&limb girdles/reduced tail fin |
|
|
Term
| What features of Ichthyostega were more suited for an aquatic lifestyle? |
|
Definition
| Stapes for underwater hearing/had a foot similar to a seal's flipper |
|
|
Term
| What are 2 representative species of Lepospondyls? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are features of Diplocaulus? |
|
Definition
| Early amphibians with a triangular head/Live during Permian period |
|
|
Term
| What was the function of the head horns of the Diplocaulus species? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are features of Lesithicus? |
|
Definition
| Early amphib./Lived on land/limbless/Lived during Carboniferous Period |
|
|
Term
| What is the time span of Temnospondlys on Earth? |
|
Definition
| Carboniferous period to Present |
|
|
Term
| What is the general trend of Temnospondlys in terms of habitat/size? |
|
Definition
| Early taxa were large/terrestrial shifted to smaller aquatic |
|
|
Term
| Did Temnospondlys survive the Permian extinction? |
|
Definition
| Yes, but most went extinct in Cretaceous except Lissamphibians |
|
|
Term
| What are some keys features of early Reptilomorphs? |
|
Definition
| A deeper skull/more terrrestrial |
|
|
Term
| What are 2 example species of early Reptilomorphs? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a notable feature of the Seymouria? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a notable feature of the Diadectes species? |
|
Definition
| Were one of the 1st herbivores, though this was not typical |
|
|
Term
| What were notable features of Pangea during the Paleozoic era? |
|
Definition
| No flowering plants or trees/Most ferns, horsetails,bryophytes and because of high atmospheric oxygen there were huge insects |
|
|
Term
| When did the Permian extinction occur? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What caused the Permian extinction? |
|
Definition
| Massive eruptions in Siberia release lava & greenhouse gases/Raises world temps 6° C/Disrupt ocean circulation & climate |
|
|
Term
| What animals were the most effected by the Permian extinction? |
|
Definition
| 1/2 of all Tetrapods (mostly amphibians and mammal-like reptiles) |
|
|
Term
| What is Lepidobatrachus laevis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are some interesting characteristics of the Budgett's frog? |
|
Definition
| Metamorphosis in 2 weeks/Cannibalistic&Carnivorous tadpoles |
|
|
Term
| What is the name of the modern amphibian group? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the most basal clade of modern Lissamphibia? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the most important feature of Caecilians? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is common name of animals in the Gymnophiona clade? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| There are approx. how many species of living amphibians? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| There is about how many species of Caecilians? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Salamanders are under what clade? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What clades are part of the Batrachia group? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the defining characteristics of animals in the Anura clade? |
|
Definition
| They are specialized jumpers |
|
|
Term
| What animals are under the Anura clade? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the Lissamphibia synapomorphy? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is amphibian skin highly impermeable? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do amphibians shed their skin? |
|
Definition
| Stratum corneum separates from stratum germinativum and falls off |
|
|
Term
| What are 2 unique structures found in the stratum germinativum of amphibian skin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Are all amphibians predatory? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What features characterize amphibian teeth? |
|
Definition
| All teeth are bicuspid/pedicellate |
|
|
Term
| What do bicuspid teeth look like? |
|
Definition
| 2 alternate cusps/making a cup with a central indention |
|
|
Term
| What are pedicellate teeth? |
|
Definition
| Dentine tooth crown that sits on top of a dentine base, separated by an uncalcified layer of dentine |
|
|
Term
| What does the prefixes 'Liss-' & 'Amphi-' mean? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does metamorphosis differ from direct development? |
|
Definition
| Metamorphosis has a larval stage, direct development does not |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Retention of juvenile traits into adulthood |
|
|
Term
| Are Caecilians under the Brachia family? |
|
Definition
| No, just frogs and Salamanders |
|
|
Term
| What structures are reduced or lost in Caecilians? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What area of the world do Caecilians inhabit? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When did Caecilians first appear in the fossil record? |
|
Definition
| Jurassic period to present |
|
|
Term
| What lifestyle are Caecilians best suited for? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Are all Caecilians viviparous? |
|
Definition
| No, some lay eggs which they guard |
|
|
Term
| What Caecilian features allow for its fossorial lifestyle? |
|
Definition
| Limbless/Highly ossified skull/Loose skin into which it throws it's backbone/Reduced eyes |
|
|
Term
| Why do Caecilians have a high-force bite? |
|
Definition
| Highly ossified bony skull |
|
|
Term
| What unique sensory organ does Caecilians possess? |
|
Definition
| Chemosensory Tentacle on head |
|
|
Term
| How do you know that Caecilians have lost their tail? |
|
Definition
| Possess a terminal anus despite being a vertebrate |
|
|
Term
| Do Caecilians possess rings of Annuli? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is the lack of tails on frogs derived or ancestral? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What animals are under the Batrachia clade? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the opercular apparatus? |
|
Definition
| Connection from ear structures to shoulder girdle |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the opercular apparatus? |
|
Definition
| Lets animals 'hear' groud vibrations |
|
|
Term
| What is the specific description of how the opercular apparatus connects the ear to the shoulder? |
|
Definition
| Operculum&Columella (Stapes bone) via opercularis muscle |
|
|
Term
| Is the long salamander tail a derived or ancestral trait? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is locomotion is used by frogs and is a Anuran synapomorphy? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What species are under the family Sirenidae and what are some typical characteristics? |
|
Definition
| Sirens, no hindlimbs w/ very reduced forelimbs/Lungs |
|
|
Term
| What species are under the family Amphiumidae and what are some typical characteristics? |
|
Definition
| Amphiuma, very small fore-& hind- limbs/ Lungs |
|
|
Term
| What species are under the family Plethodontidae and what are some typical characteristics? |
|
Definition
| Lungless salamanders/Breathe through skin/Nasolabial groove for chemoreception |
|
|
Term
| What species are under the family Proteidae and what are some typical characteristics? |
|
Definition
| Mudpuppies/Aquatic/Paedomorphism of gills |
|
|
Term
| What species are under the family Salamandridae and what are some typical characteristics? |
|
Definition
| Newts, True Salamanders/No costal grooves/Rough Skin/Lungs |
|
|
Term
| What species are under the family Ambystomatidae and what are some typical characteristics? |
|
Definition
| Mole Salamanders,Tiger Salamander/Only found in NA/Prominent eyes&costal grooves/Thick limbs/Lungs |
|
|
Term
| What species are under the family Crytobranchidae and what are some typical characteristics? |
|
Definition
| Hellbender,Largest/1 species in NA/Have gill slits/Lungs |
|
|
Term
| Are operculums exclusive to amphibians? |
|
Definition
| No, fish also have operculums but serve a different function |
|
|
Term
| What is the general evolutionary trend of Salamander diversity? |
|
Definition
| From absent or reduced limbs to bulky, All have lungs in immature stage |
|
|
Term
| What are the 5 general frog families we learned about? |
|
Definition
| Pipids/Bufonids/Hylids/Dendrobatids/Ranids |
|
|
Term
| What kind of toxin do Dendrobatids possess? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is Tetrodotoxin derived from? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What frog family is characterized by being totally aquatic swimmers? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What frog family is characterized as 'True Toads'? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What frog family is characterized by being aboreal? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What frog family is characterized by being poisonous? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What frog family is characterized by being specialized jumpers? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What characteristics of the skeletal system are first seen in amphibians? |
|
Definition
| Regional specialization of vertebral column |
|
|
Term
| What is the section of the vertebral column correlates with the cervical/neck area called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the section of the vertebral column called the Trunk? |
|
Definition
| Where ribs attach to spine |
|
|
Term
| What is the section of the vertebral column called the Sacrum? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the section of the vertebral column correlates with the tail? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is amphibian locomotion characterized by? |
|
Definition
| Sprawling limb posture/Lateral bending during walking |
|
|
Term
| What is the benefit of lateral bending when walking? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does the skeletal system of early frogs differ from modern frogs in regard to the fore and hindlimbs? |
|
Definition
| From 5 to 4 digits on forelimb/Hindlegs heavily muscled/Fusion of tibia&fibula/Elongation of ankle bones&toes |
|
|
Term
| How does the skeletal system of early frogs differ from modern frogs in regard to the trunk and sacrum? |
|
Definition
| From 14 presacral vertebrae to 5-9,body is shortened and stiffened,Ilum is elongated/Tail vertebrae is fused into a urostyle |
|
|
Term
| What locomotion style correlates to frogs with short forelimbs and hindlimbs? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Jumper frogs typically have what length of fore and hindlimbs? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What locomotion style correlates to frogs with short forelimbs and long hindlimbs? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What locomotion style correlates to frogs in intermediate stages between fore and hind limb lengths? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are some physical characteristics that characterize arboreal amphibians? |
|
Definition
| Toe pads/Intercalary bones/Recurved spatulate toe bones |
|
|
Term
| How do toe pads help animals climb trees? |
|
Definition
| Glandular disks at toe tips that secrete mucus to adhere via surface tension |
|
|
Term
| What is an intercalary bone? |
|
Definition
| Bent finger tip used in conjunction w/ toe pad to increase SA |
|
|
Term
| Are Recurved spatulate toe bones found in animals who also have toe pads? |
|
Definition
| No, an alternative way of increasing SA found on green salamanders |
|
|
Term
| How do salamanders protrude their tongue like frogs? |
|
Definition
| Only plethodontids, correlates with lunglessness |
|
|
Term
| Can all amphibians use cutaneous respiration at any stage? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is cutaneous respiration? |
|
Definition
| Gas exchange through moist, highly vascular skin |
|
|
Term
| When do amphibians typically use their lungs instead of other forms of respiration? |
|
Definition
| During highly activity or temperatures |
|
|
Term
| How do amphibians respire? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do amphibians inhale? |
|
Definition
| Air is sucked into expanded buccal cavity and kept there via glottis,then nostrils close&fresh air is pushed into the lungs through open glottis as buccal cavity compresses |
|
|
Term
| How do amphibians exhale? |
|
Definition
| Glottis rapidly opens&chest muscles compress,air is released |
|
|
Term
| Why do amphibians pump their buccal cavity? |
|
Definition
| Clear residual air in between ventilation cycles |
|
|
Term
| Is Ectothermy or Endothermy ancestral to vertebrates? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does the delivery of blood to the heart differ in tadpoles vs adults? |
|
Definition
| 3 in tadpoles vs. 4 in adults |
|
|
Term
| What structures deliver blood to the heart? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What structures move blood from the heart? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 vein structures in tadpoles? |
|
Definition
| AnteriorCardinal(Jugular)/Vitelline/PosteriorCardinal |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the Jugular vein? |
|
Definition
| Delivers blood from head to heart |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the Vitelline vein in tadpoles? |
|
Definition
| Delivers blood from the gut organs to heart |
|
|
Term
| What vein in adults corresponds to the Vitelline vein in tadpoles? |
|
Definition
| The Hepatic vein(specifically liver) |
|
|
Term
| What vein in the tadpole system delivers blood from the remaining body? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is the Jugular present in both tadpoles and adults? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What vein in adults corresponds to the Posterior Cardinal vein in tadpoles? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 4 veins in the adult amphibian body plan? |
|
Definition
| Anterior Cardinal(Jugular)/Hepatic/Posterior Vena Cava/Pulmonary Vein |
|
|
Term
| Where does the pulmonary vein deliver blood from? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How is respiration different in tadpoles in comparison to most adult amphibians? |
|
Definition
| Tadpoles have gills, therefore keep arches |
|
|
Term
| What structures pump blood out of the heart in amphibian tadpoles? |
|
Definition
| External Carotid Arteries/Aortic Arches (3-6) |
|
|
Term
| What artery pumps blood out of heart to the head in tadpoles? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What artery pumps blood out of heart to the gills and rest of the body in tadpoles? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Are the Aortic arches still present in adult amphibians? |
|
Definition
| No, all change or are lost |
|
|
Term
| What happens to Aortic arches 3,4,5&6 in adult Amphibians? |
|
Definition
| 3 turns into the Internal Carotids/4 becomes Dorsal Aorta/5 is lost/6 turns into Pulmocutaneous Artery |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the Pulmocutaneous Artery? |
|
Definition
| Pumps blood out of heart to lungs/skin to pick up Oxygen |
|
|
Term
| How many chambers does the amphibian heart have? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the circuit of blood in Cutaneous Respiration? |
|
Definition
| Skin->Right Atrium->Ventricle->Aorta->Body |
|
|
Term
| Is the left atrium used in Cutaneous Respiration? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Does deoxygenated blood enter the heart via the left or right atrium? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where does oxygenated blood enter the heart? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What structure in the amphibian heart keeps deoxygenated and oxygenated blood separated? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is all blood in cutaneous respiration oxygenated? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the flow of blood through the body via Pulmonary respiration? |
|
Definition
| L/R. atrium->Ventricle->Aorta->Lungs and reversed |
|
|
Term
| Do amphibians drink water to uptake moisture? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do amphibians uptake water in very shallow environments? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the pelvic patch? |
|
Definition
| A highly vascular patch of skin through which water is absorbed |
|
|
Term
| What structure is urine collected from and then store in the urinary bladder? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What volume of a terrestrial amphibian's body does the urinary bladder take up? |
|
Definition
| 20-30%, 79% in Heleioporus eyrei (Moaning Frog) |
|
|
Term
| What are some methods frogs use to prevent water loss? |
|
Definition
| Secrete lipids over skin/Change posture/Aestivation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Underground hibernation during dry season |
|
|
Term
| What kind of frogs secrete lipids from their skin and then spread it over their body with their legs? |
|
Definition
| Tree frogs (Phyllomedusa) |
|
|
Term
| How does changing posture help some frogs save water? |
|
Definition
| They sit upright when moist/hunker down if dry/this process saves 20% water |
|
|
Term
| Would a frog aestivate during the rainy season? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is Aposematic coloration? |
|
Definition
| Bright coloring that displays an animal's toxicity |
|
|
Term
| Can non-toxic animals display Aposematic coloration? |
|
Definition
| Yes,adaptation usually occurs when animal is in range with the truly toxic animal it mimics |
|
|
Term
| How do Caecilians sexually reproduce? |
|
Definition
| Internal fertilization via cloaca&intermittent male organ |
|
|
Term
| Do all Salamanders reproduce via external fertilization? |
|
Definition
| No, some use external but most internal |
|
|
Term
| Do male salamanders have an intermittent sexual organ? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do salamanders reproduce? |
|
Definition
| Spermatophore is deposited, then collected by females using cloacal lips or male holds female & inserts spermatophore w/ feet |
|
|
Term
| Do salamanders use delayed fertilization? |
|
Definition
| Yes, spermatophore can be stored in spermatheca for months/years |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Sperm packet deposited by male salamanders |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do frogs sexually reproduce? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Male frogs grab females w/ forelimbs that are enlarged w/ hormones and simultaneously release/fertilize eggs, can last for hours |
|
|
Term
| What is the purpose of courtship? |
|
Definition
| To convince prospect mates to reproduce |
|
|
Term
| What are some examples of salamander courtship displays? |
|
Definition
| Use pheromones/Abrade females with teeth/Visual display |
|
|
Term
| What displays do frogs use for courtship? |
|
Definition
| Calls (from throat-larynx inflation) |
|
|
Term
| What are some drawbacks to the use of calls as courtship displays? |
|
Definition
| Use energy/Attract predators |
|
|
Term
| What is a possible benefit to frog calls? |
|
Definition
| Advertises 'good genes' bcuz some species, males w/ longer calls have tadpoles that develop faster |
|
|
Term
| What is gastric brooding? |
|
Definition
| Female frog swallows fertilized eggs/Doesn't eat for 6-7 weeks |
|
|
Term
| Is gastric brooding a common strategy for frog development? |
|
Definition
| No, only 2 species that used it are extinct |
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 stages of metamorphosis? |
|
Definition
| Growth/Emergence of hindlegs/Emergence of front leg& regression of tail |
|
|
Term
| What system mediates frog metamorphosis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What hormone stimulates metamorphosis? |
|
Definition
| Thyroxin secreted via Thyroid gland |
|
|
Term
| How is the thyroid gland stimulated? |
|
Definition
| By Pituitary gland via TSH |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Thyroid Stimulating Hormone |
|
|
Term
| Why must the final metamorphic stage occur the fastest? |
|
Definition
| Tails&legs impede jumping/swimming making predation easier |
|
|
Term
| What are some global factors that may increase mortality of amphibian species? |
|
Definition
| Global warming/Acid rain/Disease |
|
|
Term
| Is pesticide use and habitat destruction a global or local factor effecting amphibian population? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Fungal infection in amphibians, occurs more due to environmental stressors |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 2 subgroups of amniotes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does amniotic reproduction differ from amphibian reproduction? |
|
Definition
| Amniotes are not aquatically limited like amphibians |
|
|
Term
| How many membranes that surround the amniotic embryo? |
|
Definition
| 4 (ammnion/yolksac/allantois/chorion) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Fluid filled sac that surrounds/supports the embryo |
|
|
Term
| What extra-embryonic membrane provides nutrients for the embryo? |
|
Definition
| Yolk-sac (is also attached to gut tube) |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the Allantois? |
|
Definition
| Connects to end gut tube/sequesters water |
|
|
Term
| What extra-embryonic membrane aids in gas exchange? |
|
Definition
| Chorion (outermost membrane) |
|
|
Term
| What 2 new skeletal features develop in amniotes? |
|
Definition
| Astragalus/Sacral Vertebrae |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| New bone in ankle that provides articulation between hindleg/foot |
|
|
Term
| What is the Atralagus in the human ankle called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the function of sacral vertebrae? |
|
Definition
| Attach pelvis to body axis |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the new amniote skeletal features? |
|
Definition
| Increase the stability of locomotion on land |
|
|
Term
| Are trachea found in amphibians? |
|
Definition
| No, first seen in amniotes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Long tubular connection to lungs in neck, reinforced with cartilage rings |
|
|
Term
| What is Costal Breathing? |
|
Definition
| Rib-mediated breathing, contractions of muscles between ribs that pulls them out and forwards for inspiration |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does Costal breathing effect respiration? |
|
Definition
| The movement of ribs increases volume of thoraic cavity, allowing for deeper inhalation/more SA |
|
|
Term
| Do amniotes and amphibians both use body muscle for inspiration? |
|
Definition
| No, amniotes use muscles for inspiration while amphibians use for expiration |
|
|
Term
| What animals are under the Sauropsida Clade? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What animals are under the Synapsida Clade? |
|
Definition
| Mammals and their fossil ancestors |
|
|
Term
| What feature distinguishes different groups of amniotes from each other? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many temporal fenestrae do Synapsids have? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 2 subgroups of Sauropsids? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Do Anapsids have 2 fenestrae? |
|
Definition
| No, Anapsids have none while Diapsids have 2 |
|
|
Term
| What bones surround the Synapsid fenestrae? |
|
Definition
| The Postorbital/Jugal/Squamosal bones |
|
|
Term
| Does the Postorbital & Squamosal bone surround the fenestrae of Synapsids and both the Diapsid fenestrae? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many fenestrae are the ancestral number? |
|
Definition
| 0/Anapsids are the most primitive |
|
|
Term
| What bones surround the upper Diapsid fenestrae? |
|
Definition
| Parietal/Postorbital/Squamosal |
|
|
Term
| What bones surround the lower Diapsid fenestrae? |
|
Definition
| Postorbital/Squamosal/Jugal/Quadratojugal |
|
|
Term
| What bone is unique to the upper Diapsid fenestrae? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What bone is unique to the lower Diapsid fenestrae? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What fenestrae is not surrounded by the Jugal bone? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Are the Diapsid fenestrae homologous features? |
|
Definition
| No, lower fenestrae has an additionally bone |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the temporal fenestrae? |
|
Definition
| Hole that allows for bigger jaw closing muscles to spread onto skull roof, increasing bite force |
|
|
Term
| Where is the human temporal fenestrae located? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a drawback to lateral bending locomotion found in amphibians? |
|
Definition
| Only 1 lungs inflates at a time/decreases stamina |
|
|
Term
| Modern Sauropsids use what kind of locomotion? |
|
Definition
| Some retain locomotion similar to lateral bending (like lizards) while others are bipedal (like birds/dinosaurs) |
|
|
Term
| Do Sauropsids or Synapsids typically have lower stamina? |
|
Definition
| Sauropsids, think turtles |
|
|
Term
| What is a benefit to bipedal locomotion? |
|
Definition
| Removes trunk motion from locomotion/separating breathing from locomotion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Muscle sheet dividing lungs from abdomen |
|
|
Term
| How does Synapsid locomotion effect respiration? |
|
Definition
| They are separated due to upright position/diaphragm |
|
|
Term
| How do amniotes lung structures differ from amphibian lung structures? |
|
Definition
| Typically greater SA, but this is achieved differently in Sauropsids&Synapsids |
|
|
Term
| What type of lung structure do Synapsids have? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of lung structure do Sauropsids have? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Alveoli repeatedly branches into tiny chambers, more so spread out than faveolar |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Orderly branches that chamber off that space |
|
|
Term
| What skin protein do both Sauropsids and Synapsids share? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What structures ultimately effect reproductive and social behavior? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is Beta Keratin found in both Sauropsids and Synapsids? |
|
Definition
| No, exclusive to only Sauropsids |
|
|
Term
| What protein forms scales&later feathers? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is hair/fur formed from? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of secretions are exclusive to Synapsids? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why may males be rarer in Synapsids than Sauropsids? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is waste secreted as in Synapsids? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is water absorbed in the Synapsid bladder? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How is waste secreted in Sauropsids? |
|
Definition
| Uric acid/typically solid or paste-like |
|
|
Term
| Is water reabsorbed in the Sauropsid bladder? |
|
Definition
| Yes, that is why they secrete solid urea |
|
|
Term
| Does the penis in Sauropsids have a urinary function? |
|
Definition
| No, strictly an intromittent organ for sexual reproduction |
|
|
Term
| How is water content of urine regulated in Synapsids? |
|
Definition
| In Nephron via Loop of Henle, depends on hydration of body |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the Bowman's capsule and glomerulus? |
|
Definition
| Basic filtration unit of kidney |
|
|
Term
| How does the Bowman's capsule and glomerulus in Synapsids and Sauropsids differ? |
|
Definition
| Longer in Synapsids, more advanced |
|
|
Term
| What types of cells are found in the retina? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the function of rods in the retina? |
|
Definition
| Used for night vision and not at all in color |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of cones in the retina? |
|
Definition
| Used for color vision, best in bright light |
|
|
Term
| Where is the optic tectum found? |
|
Definition
| The uppermost portion of the midbrain |
|
|
Term
| What is typical to Sauropsids in regards to sensory perception? |
|
Definition
| Strong color vision but weaker smell/large optic tectum |
|
|
Term
| What part of the brain processes smell? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is typical to Synapsids in regards to sensory perception? |
|
Definition
| Weak color vision but strong smell/small optic lobe |
|
|
Term
| Where is image processing done in the Synapsid brain? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What Synapsids are exception to the typical rule regarding sensory perception? |
|
Definition
| Primates are exceptions regarding vision, see better than smell and have multiple cones in eyes (3) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Reliance on external heat source to raise body temp. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Relies of internal heat source to raise body temp. |
|
|
Term
| What are the 2 sources of heat for Endotherms? |
|
Definition
| Basal Metabolism/Muscle Activity |
|
|
Term
| What is Basal Metabolism? |
|
Definition
| Resting, basic processes producing/using energy to keep body functioning |
|
|
Term
| Do Ectotherms conduct Basal Metabolism? |
|
Definition
| Yes, but lower, only producing enough to heat body not environment around it |
|
|
Term
| What are passerine birds? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are Eutherian mammals? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What kind of animals have the highest metabolic rate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What kind of animals have the 2nd highest metabolic rate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is a high metabolic rate all that is necessary for Endothermy? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of insulation do Sauropsids use? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of insulation do Synapsids use? |
|
Definition
| Pelage or blubber in aquatic endotherms |
|
|
Term
| How do feathers and a fur help keep an animal warm? |
|
Definition
| Trap air and warm it, wetting fur will lower effectiveness |
|
|
Term
| Is known for sure why endotherms have a high metabolic rate? |
|
Definition
| No, but there are 2 plausible hypotheses |
|
|
Term
| What are the 2 hypotheses for Endothermic metabolism? |
|
Definition
| Aerobic-Capacity & Parental Care |
|
|
Term
| What is the Aerobic-Capacity hypothesis? |
|
Definition
| More highly individuals were selected for, therefore their high metabolic rate co-evolved this is indicated by structures used for activity such as long legs |
|
|
Term
| What is the Parental Care Hypothesis? |
|
Definition
| Mother's high metabolic rate speed up embryonic development&persisted during parental care of offspring |
|
|
Term
| Are Ecto- or Endotherms typically larger? |
|
Definition
| Endotherms because heat is more expensive at smaller sizes |
|
|
Term
| Why are Endotherms never long or tube shaped? |
|
Definition
| Need to minimize SA when generating heat (typically ball shaped) |
|
|
Term
| What are some methods endotherms use to deal w/ cold? |
|
Definition
| Torpor/Shivering/Long dense fur |
|
|
Term
| How does shivering help endotherms deal with cold? |
|
Definition
| Shivering helps increase heat production |
|
|
Term
| Why is growing long, dense fur a beneficial way to deal w/ cold weather? |
|
Definition
| Metabolic rate does not need to be raised to grow long fur nor does it require more food intake |
|
|
Term
| Evolution of Endothermy is directly related to what? |
|
Definition
| Increased capacity of Sauropsids and Synapsids to sustain locomotion |
|
|
Term
| Sustained locomotion requires what? |
|
Definition
| An increased rate of respiration to supply oxygen to body |
|
|
Term
| Since lungs are damaged by cold air, what adaptations to this limitation evolved? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Thin scrolls of bone in nasal bone covered w/ moist tissue |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Warms & moistens air on way in then extracts water from warmer air on way out |
|
|
Term
| When were Turbinates first found in fossil Synapsids? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Do birds and dinosaurs have Turbinates? |
|
Definition
| Birds do, some partially cartilage this is why we do not know if dinosaurs did |
|
|
Term
| What adaptations do Sauropsids have in regards to eating? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What adaptations do Synapsids have in regards to eating? |
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| Modified stomach that holds rocks to grind food (larger pile in dinosaurs) |
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| Why does Heterodent Dentition improve food processing? |
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| Specialization/Also teeth fit together closer improving processing |
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| How do Ectotherms deal with too much heat? |
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| Aquatic Ectotherms will move to deep/shallow waters when water becomes too hot/cold, Aestivation |
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| What are some ways Ectotherms avoid freezing? |
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| Supercooling/Antifreeze in blood/Skin Lipids |
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| Blood stays liquid below freezing due to lack of Nucleating Agent |
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| What kind of animal uses Supercooling? |
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| What does a Nucleating Agent do? |
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| Allows the Ice crystal Lattice to form |
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| What technique do shallow water fish use to avoid freezing? |
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| Glycoproteins/Polypeptides in blood lower the freezing point of the blood (Antifreeze in blood) |
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| How do hatchling painted sea turtles survive overwintering in nests that are -10°C? |
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Definition
| Skin has lipid layer below outer keratin, block ice crystal penetration |
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| Do all ectotherms avoid freezing? |
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Definition
| No, there are 4 frog species that allow freezing up to -3 degrees Celsius |
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| What is the process called where Frogs allow themselves to be frozen? |
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Definition
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| What is Anaerobic Metabolism? |
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Definition
| Glycogen breaks down to Glycerol/Glucose and is stored in cells to prevent freezing damage while fluid outside cells freeze/There is no heartbeat/breathing or bloodflow |
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Term
| Is there an advantage to Anaerobic Metabolism? |
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Definition
| Allows frogs to access breeding ponds w/ little competition so tadpoles have longer to develop |
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Term
| Is torpor only used by Endotherms in cold weather? |
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Definition
| No, can be used to avoid heat as well |
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Term
| Are avoidance techniques practical for large body Endotherms? |
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Definition
| No, must use Evaporative cooling |
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| What are some examples of Evaporative Cooling? |
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Definition
| Panting/sweating also have an elongated loop of henle to allow for more water reuptake |
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| If Evaporative cooling is not enough how can a large endotherm keep cool? |
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Definition
| Countercurrent Heat Exchange |
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| What is Countercurrent Heat Exchange? |
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Definition
| Blood being delivered to the brain is kept cooler by venous blood from nose |
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| While birds have a small body size and flight to avoid heat their offspring do not, how do Columbiformes keep their chicks cool? |
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Definition
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| What type of birds are under the Columbiformes family? |
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Definition
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Definition
| A protein/fat fluid from crop (chamber in digestive tract) that adults regurgitate in young's mouth |
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| How do African Sandgrouses give their young water? |
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Definition
| Soak belly feathers in water for chicks to drink from (10-20% of body weight) |
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