Term
| Bounded by the neck superiorly and the diaphragm inferiorly. The walls are composed of the spinal column, sternum, and ribs. |
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Definition
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Term
| Completely enclosed in a pleural sac that contains a small amount of intrapleural fluid. |
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Definition
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Term
| Name the 4 upper conducting airways |
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Definition
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Term
| Name the 5 lower conducting airways |
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Definition
Trachea
L and R Bronchi
Lobar Bronchi
Segmental Bronchi
Bronchioles |
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Term
| The unit where the O2 exchange occurs |
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Definition
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Term
| Name the 4 parts of the respiratory unit |
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Definition
Respiratory bronchioles
Alveolar ducts
Alveolar sacs
Alveoli and pulmonary capillary beds |
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Term
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Definition
Conducting Zone
Respiratory Zone |
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Term
| This airway zone has no alveoli and no gas exchange with the blood. It includes the lower conducting airways. |
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Definition
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Term
| This airway zone contains alveoli and is the region of gas exchange in the blood |
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Definition
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Term
| Hollow air sacs found at the end of the conducting zone whose lumens are continuous with the lumens of the airways |
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Definition
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Term
| Branches of the pulmonary arteries and veins form capillary networks that surround the __ |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Alveolar walls contain what? |
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Definition
Capillaries
Small interstitial space |
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Term
| Some alveoli are connected by what? |
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Definition
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Term
| Alveoli are lined by alveolar cells. name then. |
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Definition
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Term
| Flat epithelial cells that line the air facing surfaces |
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Definition
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Term
| Interspersed with Type I; cells that produce surfactant |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Decrease H2O and surface tension |
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Term
| The act of moving air in and out of the lungs |
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Definition
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Term
| The exchange of gases within or between 2 spaces |
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Definition
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Term
| Downward and upward movement of the __ is used to lengthen or shorten the chest cavity. |
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Definition
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Term
| This is the primary muscle that is almost entirely involved in quiet normal breathing. |
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Definition
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Term
| Contraction of the diaphragm pulls the lower surfaces of the lungs down. Contraction of the diaphragm increases the volume of the thorax and causes lung expansion. |
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Definition
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Term
| A passive process where the diaphragm relaxes (no contraction involved) and the elastic recoil of the lungs, chest wall, and abdominal structures compress the lungs. |
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Definition
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Term
| During heavy breathing, the elastic recoil is not sufficient to expel all the aire and the abdominal muscles contract to provide extra force to push the abdominal contents upward against the bottom of the __ |
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Definition
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Term
| What muscle can contract when more active expiration is necessary |
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Definition
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Term
| Elevation and depression of the ribs increase or decrease the anteroposterior diameter of the chest cavity. This is due to firing of what muscles? |
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Definition
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Term
| The muscle that is primarily responsible for raising the ribs. SCM, anterior serratus, and scalens also contribute some. |
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Definition
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Term
| Name the 2 muscles that are primarily rib depressors. |
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Definition
Abdominus Rectus
Internal Intercostals |
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Term
| Because of the lungs' elasticity, they __ and __ air whenever there is no force to keep them inflated. |
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Definition
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Term
| Forces used to keep lungs ___ are produced by pressures between the lungs and the thoracic wall and those inside the tissues of the lungs. |
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Definition
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Term
| The pressure of fluid in the thin space between the lung pleura and the chest wall pleura |
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Definition
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Term
| The lungs are suspended in the pleural cavities and lubricated with what? |
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Definition
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Term
| There is continual suction of excess fluid into the __ to help maintain a slight suction between the visceral surface of the lung pleura and the parietal pleural surface of the thoracic cavity. |
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Definition
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Term
| Normal intrapleural pressure at the beginning of inspiration is about what? |
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Definition
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Term
| Equals the amount of suction required to hold the lungs open at rest |
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Definition
| Normal Intrapleural Pressure |
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Term
| Why is normal intrapleural pressure slightly negative? |
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Definition
| It is less than atmostpheric pressure |
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Term
| During normal inspiration, expansion of the thoracic cavity pulls outward on the lungs with greater force and creates a more negative pleural pressure of what value? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What happens to the lungs as pleural pressure becomes more negative? |
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Definition
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Term
| What happens to lung volume as pleural pressure becomes less negative? |
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Definition
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Term
| Pressure of the air inside the lung alveoli |
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Definition
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Term
| When the glottis is open and no air is flowing in or out of the lungs, the pressures in all parts of the respiratory tree are equal to atmospheric pressure, which is considered to be ___ |
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Definition
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Term
| To cause inward flow of air into the alveoli, the alveolar pressure must fall to a value slightly below __ |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| To cause outward flow from the alveoli, the alveolar pressure must raise to slightly above __ |
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Definition
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Term
| The difference between pleural pressure and alveolar pressure |
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Definition
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Term
| A measure of the elastic forces of the lungs that tend to collapse the lungs at each instant of respiration |
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Definition
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Term
| At the end of expiration (no air flow in or out), transpulmonary pressure is what? |
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Definition
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Term
| As intrapleural pressure becomes more negative (lung expansion), transpulmonary pressure ___ |
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Definition
| Increases (because the diff between Palv and Pip increases) |
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Term
| When transpulmonary pressure increases, the lungs will __ |
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Definition
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Term
| Expansion of the lungs causes alveolar pressure to become more __ and thus air flows into the lungs |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Walk thru the stages of inspiration |
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Definition
| Diaphragm contracts - Thoracic cage expands - causes intrapleural pressure to become more negative - increases transpulmonary pressure - causes lungs to expand - causes alveolar pressure to become more negative - air flow IN |
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Term
| Walk thru the stages of expiration |
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Definition
| Diaphragm relaxes - thoracic cage recoils inward - intrapleural pressure moves back to preinspiration levels - transpulmonary pressure moves back to preinspiration levels - lung recoils - alveoli become compressed - alveolar pressure becomes great than atmospheric pressure - air flows OUT |
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Term
| The extent to which the lungs will expand for each unit increase in transpulmonary pressure (given enough time to reach equilibrium) |
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Definition
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Term
| Compliance of the lungs affects lung __ |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the equation for lung compliance? |
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Definition
| Compliance = Change in lung volume / change (Palv - Pip) |
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Term
| Normal compliance of both lungs together of an average adult is __ml of air per cm H2O |
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Definition
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Term
| Increased compliance means that the lungs will __ with __ volume of air per unit of Ptp |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Decreased compliance means that the lungs will __ with __ volume of air per unit of Ptp |
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Definition
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Term
| Determined by the elastic forces of the lung tissue and the elastic forces caused by surface tension of the fluid that lines the alveoli. |
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Definition
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Term
| Primarily determined by elastin and collagen fibers that are interwoven among the lung tissue. These fibers are elastically contracted and kinked in a deflated lung. |
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Definition
| Elastic forces of lung tissue |
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Term
| Elastic forces caused by surface tension are more complex and contribute to about __ the total elastic force of the lungs. |
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Definition
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Term
| __ on the inner surfaces of the alveoli produces surface tension, which inherently tends to contract and collapse the alveoli. |
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Definition
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Term
| A surface-active agent in water that greatly reduces the surface tension of water. |
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Definition
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Term
| Secreted by type II alveolar epithelial cells |
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Definition
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Term
| Secretion of surfactant begins at what age? |
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Definition
| 6th or 7th month of gestation |
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Term
| 3 things that surfactant is composed of. |
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Definition
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Term
| Greatly reduces the amount of effort required by respiratory muscles to expand the lungs. |
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Definition
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Term
| The radius of the alveolus also impacts the surface tension of water. The small the radius of the alveolus, the __ the alveolar pressure causes by surface tension. |
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Definition
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Term
| The greater the radius of the alveolus, the __ the alveolar pressure caused by surface tension. |
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Definition
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Term
| The thoracic cage has its own elastic and viscous characteristic, similar to those of the lungs. __ effort (even in absence of lungs) is required to expand the thoracic cage. |
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Definition
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Term
| The compliance of the total pulmonary system (lungs and thoracic cage together) is almost __ that of the lungs along. |
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Definition
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Term
| It takes twice as much inward positive pressure to __ the lungs within the pulmonary system compared to the lungs alone. |
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Definition
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Term
| Determines how much air flows into and out of the lungs at any given pressure difference. |
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Definition
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Term
| Normally very small, but changes follow changes in airway radii. |
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Definition
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Term
| Contributes to the overall "work" of inspiration, in addition to the work that is required to expand the lungs and the work required to overcome the viscosity of the lung and chest wall structures. |
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Definition
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Term
| Airway radii may change in response to what 3 factors? |
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Definition
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Term
| Transpulmonary pressure, elastic connective tissue fibers of the airways, intrapleural pressures, hormones such as epinephrine, leukotrines all may effect what? |
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Definition
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Term
| 4 volumes that when added together equal the maximum volume to which the lungs can be expanded (total lung capacity) |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Name the 4 pulmonary volumes |
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Definition
Tidal Volume
Inspiratory Reserve Volume
Expiratory Reserve Volume
Residual Volume |
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Term
| What is normal Tidal Volume? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What is normal Inspiratory Reserve Volume? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What is normal Expiratory Reserve Volume? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What is normal Residual Volume? |
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Definition
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Term
| Volume of air inspired or expired with each normal breath |
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Definition
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Term
| The extra volume of air that can be inspired over and above the normal tidal volume when the person inspires with full force. |
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Definition
| Inspiratory Reserve Volume |
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Term
| Maximum extra volume of air that can be expired by forceful expiration after the end of normal tidal expiration |
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Definition
| Expiratory Reserve Volume |
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Term
| The volume of aire remaining in the lungs after the most forceful expiration |
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Definition
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|
Term
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Definition
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|
Term
| The combination of 2 or more pulmonary volumes leads to a __ |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the equation of Inspiratory capacity and the normal |
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Definition
IC = TV + IRV
Normal = 3500 |
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Term
| What is the equation of Functional Residual Capacity and the normal? |
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Definition
FRC = ERV + RV
Normal = 2300 |
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Term
| What is the equation of Vital Capacity and the normal? |
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Definition
VC = IRV + TV + ERV OR VC + IC +ERV
Normal = 4600 |
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Term
| What is the equation for Total lung capacity and the normal? |
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Definition
TLC = TV + IRV + ERV + RV
or TLC = VC + RV
or TLC = IC + FRC
Normal = 5800 |
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Term
| The amount of air a person can breath in, beginning at the normal expiratory level and distending the lungs to the maximum amount |
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Definition
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Term
| The amount of air that remains in the lugns at the end of normal expiration |
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Definition
| Functional Residual capacity |
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Term
| The max amount of air a person can expel after first filling the lungs to max extent and then expiring to max extent |
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Definition
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|
Term
| The max volume to which the lungs can be expanded with greatest possible effort |
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Definition
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Term
| All volumes and capacities are about __% less in women than men, greater in larger and atheletic people than small non-athletic people. |
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Definition
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Term
| Volume of air that can be forcibly expelled after a full inspiration with no time limit. |
|
Definition
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Term
| The measurement of gas volumes moved in a period of time |
|
Definition
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Term
| Reflects the ease with which the lungs can be ventilated |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| PVC = X (height) - Y (age) - Gender |
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Definition
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|
Term
| For calculating predicted vital capacity, what are the rates for males and females? |
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Definition
3.6 in males
2.69 in females |
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Term
| PVC is the same as __ except that it takes into account height and age. |
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Definition
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Term
| Normal forced expiratory volume in 1 second is greater than __% of FVC |
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Definition
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Term
| Rate at which new air reaches areas of gas exchange in the lungs (alveoli, alveolar sacs, alveolar ducts and respiratory bronchioles) |
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Definition
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Term
| The air that never reaches the areas of gas exchange in the lungs. It remains in the nose, pharynx and trachea. |
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Definition
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Term
| Upon expiration, the dead space air is expired __, so it impedes the process of removing expiratory gases from the lungs. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What is the normal dead space air in a young adult male? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Does dead space increase with age? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| When alveoli are damage or nonfunctional, the alveoli are also considered part of the dead space. This is __ dead space. |
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Definition
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Term
| Normally dead space and physiologic dead space volumes are equal which indicates what? |
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Definition
| that alveoli are all functional |
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|
Term
| When might physiologic dead space increase? |
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Definition
Pulmonary disease
Alveolar damage |
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Term
| Expressed as the volume of new air reaching the alveoli per minute. |
|
Definition
| Rate of alveolar ventilation |
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|
Term
| Equal to respiratory rate x volume of air |
|
Definition
| Rate of alveolar ventilation |
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|
Term
| Given a normal TV of 500 ml, normal dead space of 150 ml, and a respiratory rate of 12 breaths/min, alveolar ventilation = |
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Definition
12 X (500-150)
4200 ml/min |
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|
Term
| What is the equation for Alveolar Ventilation |
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Definition
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|
Term
| One of the major factors that determines the concentrations of O2 and CO2 in the alveoli. |
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Definition
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Term
| Describes the gaseous exchange that occurs either between the atmospheric air and pulmonary capillaries (external) or between tissues and surrounding capillaries (internal) |
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Definition
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Term
| After the alveoli are ventilated with fresh air, the next step in the respiratory process is __ of __ from the alveoli into the pulmonary capillaries and __ of __ out of the blood |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Name 2 factors of respiration |
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Definition
Mechanism of diffusion
Rate of diffusion |
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Term
| Pressures are partially dependent upon what? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Net diffusion of gas in one direction is the result of a what? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Gases tend to diffuse from areas of _ concentration to areas of __ concentration. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| The __ of a mixed gas is directly proportional to the concentration of all molecules within the gas. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Name the 3 primary gases in respiratory physiology |
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Definition
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|
Term
| The rate of diffusion of each gas is directly proportional to the pressure of that gas alone, which is called the what? |
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Definition
| Partial Pressure of that gas |
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Term
| Atmospheric aire is 70% N and 21% O2. The total pressure of atm air at sea level is 760 mmHg. Therefore, the partial pressure of N is 79% of 760 = __mmHg. The partial pressure of O2 is 21% of 760 = __mmHg |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Is the composition of alveolar gas and atomospheric gas very diffent? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Partial pressures of gases in alveoli depend on what 3 things? |
|
Definition
1. Pressures in atmospheric air
2. Rate of ventilation
3. Rate of total body consumption |
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|
Term
| Breathing air with low PO2 |
|
Definition
PO2 decreases
PCO2 no change |
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|
Term
| Increased alveolar ventilation with unchanged metabolism |
|
Definition
PO2 increases
PCO2 decreases |
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|
Term
| Decreased alveolar ventilation with unchanged metabolism |
|
Definition
PO2 decreases
PCO2 increases |
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|
Term
| Increased metabolism with unchanged alveolar ventilation |
|
Definition
PO2 decrease
PCO2 increase |
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|
Term
| Decreased metabolism with unchanged alveolar ventilation |
|
Definition
PO2 increase
PCO2 decrease |
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|
Term
| Proportional increases in both metabolism and alveolar ventilation |
|
Definition
PO2 no change
PCO2 no change |
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|
Term
| Dependent on the concentration and the solubility coefficent of the gas |
|
Definition
| Partial pressures of dissolved gases in a solution |
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|
Term
| Some molecules are more soluble than others, sot hey have differnt __ __ in a solution. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| _ diffusion of a gas between gas state and fluid state depends upon the difference in partial pressures |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| PO2 in air is almost always ___ than the PO2 in the dissolved state (capillary blood), so O2 diffuses __ the blood |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| PCO2 in the dissolved state (capillary blood) is almost always __ than the PCO2 of air, so CO2 diffuses __ the blood and into the alveolar air. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If you were to increase alveolar ventilation what would this do to PO2 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If you were to increase the rate of O2 consumption without increasing ventilation, what would this do to PO2? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The primary use of O2 in cells and its byproduct. |
|
Definition
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