Term
| What are the three main components of the upper airway...the picture we had to memorize and fill in. just the 3 main sections. |
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Definition
Nasal Cavity
Pharynx
Larynx |
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Term
| the two things in the nasal cavity.. |
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Definition
Superior, middle, inferior turbinates.
Hard and soft palates. |
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Term
| The Pharynx is broken up in to 4 sections. what are they and what is in each section? |
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Definition
Nasophayrnx- tonsils/adenoid+ uvula
Oropharynx- Tongue
Laryngopharynx (hypopharynx)- vallecula+epiglottis |
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Term
| Funnel-shaped structure that connects the nose and mouth to the larynx. |
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Definition
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Term
| Larynx is filtering device for the digestive an respiratory tracts. What does it contain? |
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Definition
Esophagus, posterior
Trachea, anterior |
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Term
| what two body parts touch, or what separates the upper from lower airways? whats the components of the lower? |
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Definition
The glottic opening and the trachea.
The lower airway consists of the:
Trachea
Bronchi
Alveoli
Lungs |
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Term
| The alveoli are moistened and kept open because of the presence of an important chemical compound secreted by the lungs that contributes to the elastic properties of pulmonary tissues? what chemical is secreted |
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Definition
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Term
| curve ball...when does surfactant develop in a fetus? |
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Definition
| 28 weeks. also when >28 weeks there is a good chance for baby survival. |
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Term
| Diaphragm is controlled by? |
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Definition
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Term
| difference in pressure inside lungs and out side pressure on both inhalation and expiration..elaborate a bit. |
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Definition
| Inspir-inter costal muscle contractions, 2mmHg below atmospheric pressure so air flows in. Expir is vice versa |
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Term
| Tidal volume vs total lung capacity? |
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Definition
Tidal volume-in and out during normal insp/expiration 500mL
Total Lung capacity is 6000 mL |
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Term
| Tidal volume vs total lung capacity? |
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Definition
Tidal volume-in and out during normal insp/expiration 500mL
Total Lung capacity is 6000 mL |
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Term
| Tidal volume vs total lung capacity? |
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Definition
Tidal volume-in and out during normal insp/expiration 500mL
Total Lung capacity is 6000 mL |
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Term
Total Lung Capacity in average male is 6000 mL
Which is comprised of what? Break down other stuff. |
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Definition
TLC-6000mL- Basically made up of two things the vital capacity and the residual volume
Vital capacity is 4800 and breaks down like this...you got your tidal volume 500, + inspiratory reserve (how much you can still inhale after normal inhalation) 3000, and your expiratory of 1200 (how much you can still blow out) after normal expiration
Residual Volume-1200mL how much is always left and keeps the alveoli open |
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Term
| What regulates ventilation? What regulates the diaphragm....how is the diaphragm during contraction. |
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Definition
The medulla regulates ventilation
The phrenic nerve regulates the diaphragm
the diaphragm is pulled down and flat during contraction |
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Term
| Most important determinant of the ventilatory rate? |
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Definition
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Term
| If what PC02 rises? what happens....and explain the pH levels. |
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Definition
| Becomes acidotic, below 7.35 (7.35-7.45 normal) triggers medulla to ventilate faster. |
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Term
| Lung perfusion takes place in the pulmonary capillaries, and is dependent on 3 things, the most important of which is? |
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Definition
INTACT PULMONARY CAPILLARIES
also adequate blood volume
efficient pumping of blood by the heart |
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Term
| The Bohr effect gayboy chart...the graph moves to the right as the .....? |
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Definition
| oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve shifts to the right when the hemoglobin binds with carbon dioxide. |
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Term
| Respirations are characterized by repeated episodes of gasping ventilations separated by periods of apnea. Seen in patients with ^ _________ |
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Definition
Ataxic (biot's)
Scene in patients with ^ ICP |
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Term
| Long deep breaths that stop during the inspiratory phase and separated by periods of apnea? Apneustic respiration... caused by? |
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Definition
| A stroke or severe central nervous system disease. |
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Term
| What prevents perfusion of the lung during a pulmonary embolism? |
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Definition
| A blockage of a division of the pulmonary artery by a clot. |
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Term
| How does the patient present when respiratory failure is imminent? |
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Definition
| patient will present severely lethargic and somnolent |
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Term
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Definition
| A decrease in the amount in O2 and in increase in CO2 as a result of a some interference with respiration |
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Term
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Definition
| coughing up blood, (that means its in respiratory tract vs Hematemesis which is throwing up blood (digestive tract) |
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Term
| How are emphysema patients drive to breath different than normal? |
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Definition
| they use the hypoxic drie, which uses 02 to breath rather than PCO2 |
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Term
| What are typically used early in COPD patients. even asthma? |
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Definition
| Corticosteroids. very common early in sever or type two or even 1 asthma attacks. |
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Term
| two groups largely at risk for pneumonia? |
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Definition
| the aged and those infected with HIV |
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Term
| in respiratory distress with a productive cough, expelling yellow or brown sputum, with rales.....pt has? |
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Definition
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Term
| Give aways for __________ ______________ include recent surgery, ________-_________ fractures with immobilization, or being bedridden or long distance traveling? |
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Definition
| Pulmonary Embolism...long bone fractures, recent surgery, long travel, bed ridden |
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Term
| Tall, thin stature and history of smoking, you are at risk for a ______________ _____________. which occurs which occurs with out blunt or penetrating trauma. just happens |
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Definition
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Term
| __________________ results in cramping of the muscles of the feet and hands, which is called? |
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Definition
| Hypocalcemia, (can be hyperventilation) ..causes Carpopedal spasm, |
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Term
| preferred abbreviation to descripe oxygen saturation |
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Definition
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Term
| What do you measure do determine if an asthma patient is responding to treatment? |
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Definition
| PEFR peak expiratory flow rate |
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Term
| The artery and veins three layers with a key point to each. |
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Definition
Tunica intima-single cell thick.
Tunica media-Elastic fibers, gives strength and shape.
Tunica adventitia- fibrous give vessels strength/protection |
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Term
Diastole- first phase of the cardiac cycle. Relaxation and ventricular filling. The tri and bi cuspid valves are?
Systole- contraction, which valves are open? |
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Definition
Tri-cuspid and mitral valves open during diastole
Pulmonic and aortic semi-lunar are open during systole |
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Term
| right and left coronary arteries. right feed the right atrium and ventricles, left feeds the left ventricle an the right feeds both right atrium and ventricle... what makes up each artery? |
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Definition
Right coronary artery is made up of posterior descending and marginal artery
Left coronary artery is anterior descending artery and circumflex artery |
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Term
| The term for when one cell becomes excited, the action potential spreads rapidly across the entire group of cells, resulting in a coordinated contraction. |
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Definition
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Term
| When cardiac cell is resting (resting potential) and is at its normal electrical state, the inside of the cell is +/- charged? What happens during de-polarization? |
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Definition
| resting inside is -, during de-polarization, heart contracts, cells become positive on the inside |
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Term
| Each component of the conductive system has its own intrinsic firing rate..they are as follows for SA, AV, Purkinje |
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Definition
SA node: 60-100 beats/min
AV node 40-60
Purkinje system:15-40 |
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Term
| what is unstable angina defined as? |
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Definition
Angina at test that last longer than 20 minutes
So if a person has it for longer than <20 minutes start thinking its a serious cardiac problem. |
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Term
| Myocardial Infarction- the death of a portion of the heart due to (typically)? |
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Definition
| deprivation of oxygenated arterial blood, or when the heart isnt getting enough O2 to supply its demands, as in when a coronary artery get clotted. |
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Term
| 3 other things that are common causes of a MI? |
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Definition
| Coronary artery spasm, cocaine use, acute respiratory failure, trauma |
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Term
| Most common complications with a myocardial infarction? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| systolic bp drops more than 10mmHg with inspiration |
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Term
| Also consider the possibility of a _____________ __________ in a patient who received CPR than later deteriorated? |
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Definition
| pericardial tampanode- caused usually by penetrating trauma normally there is only 25 mL in the pericardium |
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Term
| Severe pump failure, in ability of the heart to meet metabolic needs, resulting in inadequate perfusion. chief complaint: acute onset chest pain to shortness of breath, aloc, or weak. |
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Definition
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Term
| cardiogenic shock occurs most common in |
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Definition
geriatric pt, with underlying disease. Followin a massive MI
Chief complaint with be acute short of breath, or aloc |
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Term
| affernt vs efferent (nerve transmission) |
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Definition
| Afferent carrying impulse towards the cns, like touching somthing hot ..... Effernt is the CNS telling the periphery to do, (motor nerves) |
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Term
| Where is speech located in the brain? |
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Definition
| temporal lobe of the cerebrum. |
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Term
| A malfunction or damage to peripheral nerve Resulting in muscle weakness, loss of sensation etc |
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Definition
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Term
| Facial nerve, CRN _____ allow smiling, wrinkle forehead. |
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Definition
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Term
| Rapid deep respiration's, caused by severe metabolic (diabetes) and CNS problems called? |
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Definition
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Term
| 94 % chance of survival, if GCS score is higher than >_____ as ___ brings the head injury from a _________ head injury to a Severe head injury. |
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Definition
| GCS > 8 = good chance 94% survival rate ----Moderate head injury to a severe (which is = to or < 8.) |
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Term
| Tonic Clonic seizure also known as? |
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Definition
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Term
| generalized seizures are made up of? |
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Definition
grandmal seizures. tonic clonic or absence (petit mal)
So answer is prob Parital seizures |
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Term
| two or more seizures in a row without gaining consciousness in-between? |
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Definition
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Term
| most common form of dementia? |
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Definition
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Term
| most common form of facial paralysis..one sided facial droop, cant close 1 eye (not stroke) |
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Definition
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Term
| neurotransmitter for the parasympathetic system |
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Definition
| acetylcholine...think cholinergic |
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