Term
Which of the following does not form part of the thin filaments of a muscle cell?
Actin
Troponin
Tropomyosin
Myosin
Calcium-binding site |
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Definition
| myosin, it is in the thick filaments |
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Term
Put the following in order
a) polyadenylation
b) tRNA alignment with mRNA
c) RNA polymerase
d) Ribosome movement to the next codon
E) amino acid chain elongation |
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Definition
C RNA polymerase comes first
A
B
D
E |
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Term
| If one strand of DNA has the sequence 5'-ATTGCA-3' what would the other strand's sequence be? |
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Definition
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Term
| What composes a nucleotide? |
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Definition
| a nitrogen base, a phosphate group and a five-carbon sugar |
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Term
| What is the primer is required to initiate the synthesis of a new DNA strand? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| RNA polymerase attaches to sites on DNA called ____. |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Which bands are dark and which bands are light? |
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Definition
A-bands are dArk
I-bands are lIght |
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Term
| how many codons are there in the genetic code? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What three things have to happen to RNA transcripts before they leave the nucleus? |
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Definition
1) addition of methionine (AUG codon)- to start the sequence
2) polyadenylation -- the addition of poly-A tail-stop sequence
3) removal of introns - junk DNA- by spliceosomes |
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Term
| The enzyme responsible for DNA synthesis in both replication and repair is called ___. |
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Definition
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Term
| During DNA replication which enzyme joins Okazaki fragments together? |
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Definition
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Term
| The primary level of DNA packaging is often referred to as the "beadsonastring" structure, which consists of the DNA being wrapped around 7 basic proteins known as ____, in a structure called the _____. |
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Definition
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Term
| The region at the end of the chromosome that tends to get shorter with each successive round of cell division is called the _____. |
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Definition
|
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Term
| The outer nuclear membrane is continuous with the membrane of the ____ ____. In some places the inner and outer nuclear membranes are joined together creating nuclear ____, which allow the movement of large molecules across the nuclear envelope. |
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Definition
| endoplasmic reticulum, pores |
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Term
| Genes contain regions of non-coding DNA called ____, which are removed from RNA transcripts by the _____. |
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Definition
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Term
| The start codon is always ___, which codes for the amino acid ____. |
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Definition
|
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Term
| During DNA replication, the two strands of the double helix are forced apart by the enzyme____ |
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Definition
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Term
| A sample of normal double-stranded DNA was found to have a guanine content of 18%. What is the expected proportion of adenine? |
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Definition
32%
A=T
C=G
A%+T%+C%+G% =100%
so adenine and guanine would only make up 50% |
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Term
| If cytosine makes up 38% of the nucleotides in a sample of DNA, what percent of the nucleotides in this sample will be thymine? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What would happen to a eukaryotic cell lacking telomerase? |
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Definition
| it would be unable to replicate |
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Term
| What nitrogen bases are purines? What ones are pyrimadines? |
|
Definition
purines - adenine and guanine (wider)
pyrimadines - cytosine and thymine (narrower) |
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|
Term
| What makes up a nucleotide? |
|
Definition
| Nitrogen base, a phosphate group and a 5-carbon sugar |
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|
Term
| What is the structural difference between RNA and DNA? |
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Definition
| DNA has a deoxyribose sugar and RNA has a ribose sugar |
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Term
| In striated muscle, myosin is an _____-stimulated ATPase. |
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Definition
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Term
| The protein, ____ is found between adjacent doublets in the eukaryotic cilium, and is involved in ciliary movement |
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Definition
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Term
| The interaction of ____ and ____ in striated muscle cells is controlled by the protein troponin. |
|
Definition
myosin and the actin filament.
When the muscle cell is stimulated to contract by an action potential, calcium channelsopen in the myoplasmic membrane and release calcium into the myoplasm. Some of this calcium attaches to troponin which causes it to change shape, exposing binding sites for myosin (active sites) on the actin filaments |
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Term
| The primary level of DNA packaging involves the double helix being wrapped around a collection of small, basic proteins called, ____, to create a structure called the____. |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Axonemes are found in ____ and are composed of parallel _____ in a 9+2 arrangement. At the base of the axoneme is the ___ ___, which differs from the axoneme by having no ___ ____. |
|
Definition
cilium or flagellum,
microtubules
basal body
I DONT KNOW maybe dynein heads....
[image] |
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Term
| During contraction of skeletal muscle, the ____ band shortens. |
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Definition
| The I band, because the Z bands are pulled together |
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Term
| What joins together Okazaki fragments? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What synthesizes/elongates DNA? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What separates the DNA strands from each other? |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what enzyme makes the primer sequence? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What keeps there strands of DNA apart? |
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Definition
| single-stranded binding proteins |
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|
Term
| State 3 differences between Cardiac and skeletal muscle. |
|
Definition
Cardiac
-have 1 nucleus per cell
-they are branched
-have no intercalated discs
Skeletal
-are multinucleated
-1 fibre... not branched
-has intercalated discs |
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|
Term
| What is the role of calcium in skeletal muscle contraction? |
|
Definition
| to bind with troponin, causing the actin filament to be exposed |
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Term
| Centrioles and basal bodies are examples of ____ ____ of the cytoskeleton. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| The accessory proteins ____ and _____ are associated with the Z-line in striated muscle cells. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| In skeletal muscle, where are calcium ions stored? |
|
Definition
| in the sarcoplasmic reticulum |
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|
Term
| The cytoskeleton is organized from a region near the ____ called the ____ |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| intermediate cytoskeletal filaments are made up of ____ proteins, whereas actin and microtubules are made of _____ proteins. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| The thin filaments in skeletal muscle are stiffened by the protein _____. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Thick filaments are made mostly of the protein ____, whereas the thin filaments are mostly____. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| In smooth muscle, myosin must be ____ before it can interact with actin. This is accomplished by the enzyme myosin ___-___ _____, which itself needs to be activated, this time by the protein ______ which is bound to ____ ions. |
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Definition
| activated, myosin light-chain kinase (MLCK), calmodulin, Ca++ |
|
|
Term
| What is the role of calcium in skeletal muscle contraction? |
|
Definition
| to bind with troponin, causing the actin filament to be exposed |
|
|
Term
| Centrioles and basal bodies are examples of ____ ____ of the cytoskeleton. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The accessory proteins ____ and ____ are associated with the Z-line in striated muscle cells. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In skeletal muscle, Calcium ions are store in the ____ ____ |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| The cytoskeleton is organized from a region near the ____ called the ____. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| The thin filaments in skeletal muscle are stiffened by the protein ____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| intermediate cytoskeletal filaments are made up of _____ proteins, whereas actin and microtubules are made of ____ proteins. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Thick filaments in myofibrils are composed mainly of the protein _____, whereas the thin filaments are mostly ____. |
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Definition
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|
Term
1. Neurotransmitters are released from presynaptic axon terminals into the synaptic cleft by which mechanism?
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Definition
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|
Term
| The 5' end has a ____ group. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Synthesis of a new DNA strand usually begins with ____. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| DNA replication is what type of conservative? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| In a nucleosome, DNA is wrapped around___. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where are neurotransmitter receptors located? |
|
Definition
| on the postsynaptic membrane |
|
|
Term
| severing of the axon of a neuron would most probably cause what? |
|
Definition
| it would stop the neuron from sending information |
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|
Term
-Each deoxyribonucleic acid molecule is composed of a long chain of _____.
- Genes are composed of ______.
-DNA is composed of chemical building blocks called _______.
|
|
Definition
nucleotides.
deoxyribonucleic acid
nucleotides.
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|
|
Term
| What makes up the thin filaments of a muscle cell? |
|
Definition
| actin, toponin, tropomyosin, calcium-binding site |
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|
Term
| What is the correct sequence that occurs during the excitation and contraction of a muscle cell? |
|
Definition
1) An action potential in a motor neuron causes the axon to release acetylcholine.
2) Transverse tubules depolarize the sarcoplasmic reticulum.
3) Calcium is released and binds to the troponin complex.
4) Tropomyosin shifts and unblocks the cross-bridge binding sites
5) The thin filaments are ratcheted across the thick filaments by the heads of the myosin molecules using energy from ATP.
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|
|
Term
| What proteins and structures are directly associated with movement in cells or by cells? |
|
Definition
cilia, dynein, actin, flagella
NOT CENTROSOMES |
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Term
| Which cell type interacts with both the humoral and cell-mediated immune pathways? |
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Definition
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|
Term
Antibodies are _____ proteins.
The structure of antibodies has a ____ region and a ____ region.
Antibodies act as signals to _____.
_____ _____ are responsible for the production of anitbodies. |
|
Definition
immunoglobulin
constant, variable
phagocytes
Plasma cells
|
|
|
Term
| In inflammatory response, what prevents dilation of arterioles, increased permeability of blood vessels, increased population of phagocytes in the area and leakage of plasma to the affected area? |
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Definition
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|
Term
Which of the following is a false statement about innate immunity?
A)They include inflammatory responses.
B)They include physical and chemical barriers.
C) They must be primed by the presence of antigen.
D)They may involve the formation of membrane attack complexes.
E)Macrophages and natural killer cells are participants in the process.
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|
Definition
C) They must be primed by the presence of antigen
E)Macrophages and natural killer cells are participants in the process. |
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|
Term
| What proteins are in both skeletal, cardiac and smooth muscle? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What band shrinks when a skeletal muscle fiber contracts? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What are four functions of the cytoskeleton? |
|
Definition
-to provide mechanical support to the cell
-To maintain the characteristic shape of the cell
-to hold mitochondria and other organelles in place within the cytosol
-To assist in cell motility by interacting with specialized motor proteins |
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|
Term
| Name 4 parts of the cytoskeleton. |
|
Definition
microtubules, microfilaments, intermediate filaments and actin.
NOT the nuclear membrane |
|
|
Term
| ___ and ____ are present on the surface of T cells where they enhance B cell activity. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
Which of the following are distinct from the others in terms of composition?
Microtubules
Microfibrils
Intermediate filaments
nuclear lamina |
|
Definition
microfibrils
the others are stuff that build up cytoskeleton and nuclear lamina is a class of intermediate filament |
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|
Term
| Ions can travel directly from the cytoplasm of one animal cell to the cytoplasm of an adjacent cell through ___ ____. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Which action is affected by an antihistamine? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| foreign molecules that trigger the generation of antibodies |
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|
Term
| The inner and outer nuclear membranes are joined at openings called ___ ____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are 3 types of damage that could be caused by exposure to various chemicals, X-rays or UV light. |
|
Definition
depurination
deamination
thymidine cross linking |
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|
Term
| Protein involved in the cytoskeleton |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Antigen-presenting protein on the surface of macrophages |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| cell involved in cell-mediated arm of the immune system |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| antibody involved in secondary immune response |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| region of an antigen that binds to an antibody |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| antibody involved in primary immune response |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cell involved in the humoral arm of the immune system |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Antigen-presenting protein on the surface of most cell types |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The triple-stranded protein _____ is a major component of the extra-cellular matrix. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| DNA replication occurs at many places simultaneously along the chromosome. These are referred to as origins of replication, where the two strands are pulled apart to create replication____, which each have two replication _____, each moving in opposite directions. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In the nucleus, DNA is organized into densely-packed regions termed _____, where little expression can occur, and less densely-packed regions, termed ____, where expression can occur. |
|
Definition
| heterochromatin, euchromatin |
|
|
Term
| Give two examples of neurotransmitters |
|
Definition
| Dopamine, acetylcholine, serotonin |
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