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| characteristic in an individual rrganism or group that are alike all feature of an organism except DNA sequences may be called phenotypes.. phenotype can be the level of transcription to morphology, behavior and life history. effects of the environment |
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gene flow is movement .. changes in frequency of alleles due to movement of alleles between population.. Gene flow is one of the 5 mechanisms of evolution.
Must mate for gene flow to occur. |
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| 5 assumption in the Hardy-Weinberg assumptions |
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Definition
no mutation,
random mating,
no gene flow,
infinite population size,
and no selection. |
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| 5 mechanisms of evolution |
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Definition
| mutation, non-random mating, gene flow, finite population size (genetic drift), and natural selection. |
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| the difference between gene flow and migration |
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| 5 mechanisms of evolution |
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Definition
| mutation, non-random mating, gene flow, finite population size (genetic drift), and natural selection. |
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| migration is different from gene flow because of what? |
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| migration doesn't guarantee movement of alleles. just movement that increases homogeneity.. it is a barrier to speciation .. and it increases homogeneity .. |
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| increases homogeneity between populatio by increasing heterozygosity (two different alleles (one wild-type allele and one mutant allele or different allele.) |
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| increases homogeneity between populatio by increasing heterozygosity (two different alleles (one wild-type allele and one mutant allele or different allele.) |
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| increases homogeneity between populatio by increasing heterozygosity (two different alleles (one wild-type allele and one mutant allele or different allele.) |
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| Speciation occurs when a group within a species separates from other members of its species and develops its own unique characteristics. The demands of a different environment or the characteristics of the members of the new group will differentiate the new species from their ancestors. his is called allopatric speciation. |
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| allopatric, peripatric, parapatric, and sympatric and artificial |
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| occurs when a species separates into two separate groups which are isolated from one another by something like a mountain or ocean. |
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| When small groups of individuals break off from the larger group and form a new species.As in allopatric speciation, physical barriers make it impossible for members of the groups to interbreed with one another. The main difference between allopatric speciation and peripatric speciation is that in peripatric speciation, one group is much smaller than the other. Unique characteristics of the smaller groups are passed on to future generations of the group, making those traits more common among that group and distinguishing it from the others. t is possible for any member of the species to mate with another member, individuals only mate with those in their own geographic region. Like allopatric and peripatric speciation, different habitats influence the development of different species in parapatric speciation. Instead of being separated by a physical barrier, the species are separated by differences in the same environment. different ecological interests... |
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| Sympatric speciation occurs when there are no physical barriers preventing any members of a species from mating with another, and all members are in close proximity to one another. A new species, perhaps based on a different food source or characteristic, seems to develop spontaneously. The theory is that some individuals become dependent on certain aspects of an environment—such as shelter or food sources—while others do not |
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| also known as phyletic transformation or gradualism, is a mechanism in which one species evolves into another by evolutionary changes within a lineage.. Anagenesis and cladogenesis are the two main ways speciation occurs. One involved the slow transition of one species to another. |
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| Describe the difference between anagenesis and cladogenesis. Anagenesis involves evolution within a single lineage. Cladogenesis, on the other hand, involves evolution in a branching pattern, with many new species evolving from a single parent species. |
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Definition
Anagenesis involves evolution within a single lineage.
Cladogenesis, on the other hand, involves evolution in a branching pattern, with many new species evolving from a single parent species.
When a species evolves as a unit into another, the progression is termed anagenesis. If a species splits into two (or more), the process is called cladogenesis |
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like head or tails..change in frequency f alleles due to random chance along none adaptive evolution The bottleneck effect and founder effect are prime examples of genetic drift.
Genetic drift commonly happen in the absence of the other mechanisms of evolution ( which are mutation, natural selection, gene flow, |
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Definition
the transfer of genes from the gene pool of one population to another..
is any movement of individuals from one population to another. — Gene flow includes lots of different kinds of events, such as pollen being blown to a new destination or people moving to new cities or countries. If gene versions are carried to a population where those gene versions previously did not exist, gene flow can be a very important source of genetic variation. . |
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| is there a loci that defines race |
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Definition
no 85% of hman genetic variationis withing population
8% are differences between what is called race these is only culture and learned diferences |
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| is there a loci that defines race |
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Definition
no 85% of hman genetic variationis withing population
8% are differences between what is called race these is only culture and learned diferences |
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Definition
| sharp decline in a population’s size typically due to environmental factors (natural disasters such as: earthquakes or tsunamis, epidemics that can decimate the number of individuals in the population, predation or habitat destruction, etc.). It is a random event, in which some genes (there is not any distinction) are extinguished from the population. This results in a drastic reduction of the total genetic diversity of the original gene pool. The small surviving population is considerably be farther from the original one in its genetic makeup. |
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Definition
| is the loss of genetic variation that occurs when a new population is established by a small number of individuals that are cleaved from a larger population. This new population does not have the genetic diversity of the previous one. Because the community is very small and also geographical or socially isolated, some genetic traits are becoming more prevalent in the population. This leads to the presence of certain genetic diseases in the next generations. In some cases, founder effect plays a fundamental role in the emergence of new species. |
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| (also known as gene migration) refers to the transfer of genes from the gene pool of one population to another. Gene flow may change the frequency and/or the range of alleles in the populations due to the migration of individuals or gametes that can reproduce in a different population. The introduction of new alleles increases variability within a population and allows for new combinations of traits. Horizontal gene transfer (HGT) also known as lateral gene transfer (LGT), is a process in which an organism (recipient) acquires genetic material from another one (donor) by asexual means. It is already known that HGT has played a major role in the evolution of many organisms like bacteria. In plant populations, the great majority of cases linked to this mechanism have to do with the movement of DNA between mitochondrial genomes. Horizontal gene transfer is a widespread phenomenon in prokaryotes, but the prevalence and implications of this mechanism in the evolution of multicellular eukaryotes is still unclear. Nevertheless, many investigations on HGT in plants have been carried out during the last years trying to reveal the underlying patterns, magnitude and importance of this mechanism in plant populations as well as its influence on agriculture and the ecosystem. |
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| Does gene flow cause speciation? |
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Definition
| Maintained gene flow also acts against speciation by recombining the gene pools of different populations and in such a way, repairing the developing differences in genetic variation. Thus, gene flow has the effect of minimizing the genetic differences between populations. |
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Definition
| A species is a group of individuals that share a number of features and are able to interbreed with one another, producing fertile (non-sterile) offspring. (When individuals of one species mate with individuals of a different species, any offspring are usually sterile.) A species is also defined as a population whose members share a common gene pool. |
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| What is the difference between gene flow and gene drift? |
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Definition
Genetic drift = the changes in allele frequency in a population
Gene flow = the process of alleles moving from one population to another
Gene flow = the movement of gene alleles from one population into another. A mutation in a gene might arise in one population in one location and then - if that population interbreeds with another population - that new gene can "flow into" the new population.
Genetic drift is a phenomenon that causes changes in gene frequencies in the absence of any selection pressure. It occurs when population sizes are very small. It happens because - if the population is small - it comes down to pure luck to determine which genes might make it to the next generation or which genes might be lost from the population. Under a genetic drift genes just drift around in frequency independent of their fitness value... drift isn't adaptive |
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Term
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Definition
is where either p or 1 = 1 =
homozygosity for that allele
p = frequency of dominant allele =
advantageous the natural selection\Genetic drift only in the absence of all other mechanism of evolution |
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| Only in the absence of all other mechanisms of evolution is what? |
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Definition
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| what per cent of the genome is subject to natural selection? |
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Definition
2.5%
the rest of the DNA is not expressed .. no phenotype .. then not impacted by natural selection Natural Selection is neutral |
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| most of the gene pool evolves by |
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Definition
| genetic drift this is neutral theory.. most mutations are neutral |
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| Neutral Theory play a major role in evolutionary biology. |
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Definition
| The great majority of genetic of mutations are fixed by genetic drift and are neutral with respect to fitness and are fixed by genetic drift ..most are neutral and lacks adaptive some think this can serve as a molecular clock to determine the divergence of species.. |
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| Neutral Theory play a major role in evolutionary biology. |
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Definition
| The great majority of genetic of mutations are fixed by genetic drift and are neutral with respect to fitness and are fixed by genetic drift ..most are neutral and lacks adaptive some think this can serve as a molecular clock to determine the divergence of species.. |
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Definition
| says most of the variations at the molecular level have little effect on fitness. usually not translated into amino acid differences |
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Definition
| depends on the gene's function. they affect the shape of a portein that binds to DNA or to other protein bad news brother bear. |
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| neutral theory says the rate of evolution should be greater at |
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Definition
| at nucleotide sites or DNA sequences that don't affect fitness. Evolutionary rate should be lower if change would be expected to affect fitness because their effects are way more likely to be harmful than beneficial. |
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Term
| synonymous substitutions vs non-synonymous |
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Definition
| amino acid nonsynonymous substitution is a nucleotide mutation that alters the amino acid sequence of a protein. ... As nonsynonymous substitutions result in a biological change in the organism, they are subject to natural selection substitution from non-synonymous |
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Definition
| different rates of mutations maybe from generation length.. gene frequency change ...body size ,,metabolism.. size of population with small being affected most |
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Definition
1 alleles fluctuate at random until
fixation
2. T F genetic variation is eventually
lost = opposite of gene flow
3. Is totally random
4. p and q have an equal chance of
fixation
5. Genetic drift proceeds faster in small populations - probability the time it takes for fixation of a neutral allele is for the n generations N = population extremely long in large populations to get to fixation.. |
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| a big part of what drives genetic drift |
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Definition
| is size in bottle neck genetic drift all but few die in founder populations a small sample leaves the large population. the bottleneck and founder are mechanisms for small populations |
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Definition
| only those that can breed.. so size is not the census count |
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Definition
1 variation in nuimber of progeny from males and females
2 variation in se ratio
3 sexual selection inter male fight
and entra female choice |
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Term
| alternative mating strategies |
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Definition
| Different mating behaviors and morphologies that are maintained as a stable polymorphism by negative frequency-dependent selection. |
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Definition
| The condition of having two types of gametes of different sizes and forms, one large and immobile (the egg), the other small and usually mobile (the sperm). |
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Definition
| During the increase in frequency of two different beneficial alleles or genotypes, the elimination of one by another that has greater fitness. |
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| Of a population or species, occupying a geographic region different and separated from that of another population or species. Cf. parapatric, sympatric. |
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| Speciation by genetic divergence of allopatric populations of an ancestral species; contrasted with parapatric and sympatric speciation, in which divergence occurs in parapatry or sympatry |
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Definition
| he principle that the founders of a new population carry only a fraction of the total genetic variation in the source population. |
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Definition
| Of two species or populations, having contiguous but non-overlapping geographic distributions. |
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Definition
| Evolution of reproductive isolation within an ancestral species, resulting in two or more descendant species. |
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Definition
| Of two species or populations, occupying the same geographic locality so that the opportunity to interbreed is presented. |
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Definition
| Separation of a continuously distributed ancestral population or species into separate populations because of the development of a geographic or ecological barrier. |
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Definition
| Separation of a continuously distributed ancestral population or species into separate populations because of the development of a geographic or ecological barrier. |
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Term
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Definition
| Separation of a continuously distributed ancestral population or species into separate populations because of the development of a geographic or ecological barrier. |
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Definition
| Random changes in the frequencies of two or more alleles or genotypes within a population. |
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Definition
| The decline in a population’s mean fitness that results from the fixation of deleterious mutations by drift. |
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Definition
| The concept of a steady rate of change in DNA sequences over time, providing a basis for dating the time of divergence of lineages if the rate of change can be estimated. |
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| neutral theory of molecular evolution |
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Definition
| The hypothesis that most alleles that are polymorphic within populations and that become fixed do not significantly alter fitness and evolve by genetic drift. |
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| population bottleneck (bottleneck) |
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Definition
| A severe, temporary reduction in population size. |
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| election for an allele that increases fitness. |
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| Conferral of a benefit on other individuals at an apparent cost to the donor |
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| An organism that resides within the cells of a host species |
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| A symbiotic relation in which each of two species benefits by their interaction |
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| A symbiotic relation in which each of two species benefits by their interaction |
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| Ne calculated by 4 X number of females |
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