Term
| What is the greatest public health advance? |
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Definition
| vaccination (along with sanitation and clean water) |
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Term
| How well have vaccines reduced incidence of the following diseases in the developed world: smallpox? polio? diphteria, measles and rubella? tetanus? |
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Definition
100% of small pox and polio
more than 99% for diptheria, measles and rubella
more than 98% for tetanus |
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Term
| What was the original, literal meaning of vaccine? |
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Definition
| a preparation from cowpox virus that protects against smallpox |
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Term
| T/F It is important for vaccines to induce EITHER a neutralizing antibody OR protective T cells. |
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Definition
| false, it's better to have both |
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Term
| Recominant vector vaccines are helpful in generating what type of immunity? |
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Definition
| t cell immunity as well as some mucosal and innate immunity |
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Term
| Inactivated vaccines are helpful in generating what type of immunity? |
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Definition
| neutralizing antiboides and some mucosal and innate immunity |
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Term
| Live attenuated vaccines are helpful in generating what type of immunity? |
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Definition
| both T cell immunity and neutralizing antibodies as well as mucosal and innate immunity |
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Term
| What do you call the time it takes from exposure to antigen to generate a response to that antigen in the primary immune response? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| when material from dried pustules of those suffering from less severe smallpox was given nasally or intradermally to vaccinate. This cause a large lesion and resulted in death 1/100x |
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Term
| Why did people use variolation if it could cause death? |
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Definition
| because the risk of death from variolation was 1/100 while the risk of death from smallpox was greater than 1/4 |
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Term
| Who invented the first vaccine? When? |
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Definition
| Edward Jenner used cowpox to innoculate against smallpox in 1780s to generate both antibody and T cell responses |
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Term
| Smallpox is caused by which virus? |
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Definition
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Term
| How is smallpox transmitted? |
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Definition
| via contact with an infected individual or objects belonging to an infected individual |
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Term
| What are the symptoms of smallpox? |
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Definition
| intense burning fever followed by eruptions of multiples pustules on the body's surface. Death occurs in about 30% of all smallpox cases. Survivors often have blindings, sterility, and scarring |
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Term
| What technology helped increase the efficiency of the smallpox vaccination and thereby help rid the world of smallpox? |
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Definition
| a bifurcated needle made vaccine takes almost 100% |
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Term
| When was smallpox eradicated? |
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Definition
| last case of variola major was in 1975, last case of variola minor was 1977, WHO announced eradication of smallpox in 1980 |
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Term
| No more human cases of smallpox means no more natural contraction of small pox because the small pox virus.. |
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Definition
| needs its human host to survive and has non known animal host |
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Term
| Poliomyelitis causes inflammaiton of the ___. |
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Definition
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Term
| How is poliovirus spread? |
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Definition
| fecal-oral route (like all enteroviruses) because it is shed into the feces often for months after primary infection and infection is asymptomatic in more than 90% of cases |
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Term
| What is the polio virus receptor and where is it expressed? |
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Definition
| CD155 in spinal cord anterior horn cells, dorsal root ganglia, skeletal muscle, motor neurons and cells of the lymphoid system |
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Term
| Polio that results in spinral paralysis causes... |
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Definition
| one or more limbs to be affected or complete flaccid paralysis |
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Term
| Polio that results in bulbar paralysis affects... |
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Definition
| CNs and the respiratory center in the medulla leading to paralysis of neck and respiratory muscles (fatal in 75% of cases) |
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Term
| What is the mortality rate of paralytic polio? |
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Definition
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Term
| T/F You can recover completely from paralytic polio. |
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Definition
| true! you can have a complete recover over a period of 6 months to a few years or you have remain paralyzed for life |
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Term
| How many strains of polio virus are there? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What scientist(s) discovered how to grow poliovirus outside of the body? |
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Definition
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Term
| Who created the inactivated poliovirus vaccine? |
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Definition
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Term
| Who invented the oral polio vaccine (OPV)? What type of vaccine was it? |
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Definition
| Albert Sabin; live, attenuated vaccine (mutation reduces ability of poliovirus to translate its RNA template within the host cell) |
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Term
| What is the current US polio vaccine of choice? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the advantages/disadvantages of IPV? |
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Definition
| it produces protective antibodies in the blood but induces only very low levels of immunity to poliovirus locally, inside the gut. Advantage: not live so there is no risk of vaccine associated polio paralysis. disadvantages: you can still get polio in your gut and spread the disease. Also, cost is 5x OPV cost |
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Term
| Describe the action of OPV. |
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Definition
| produces antibodies in the blood and a local immune response in the intestine |
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Term
| What are the advantages/disadvantages of OPV. |
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Definition
advantages: doesn't need to be administered by a trained health worker, inexpensive, short term shedding of vaccine virus in stool can lead to passive immunizaiton of others
disadvantages: 1 in 2.5 million children can get paralysis from reversion of type three strain. |
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Term
| What are live, weakened vaccines? |
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Definition
| live attenuated vaccines contain bacteria or viruses that have been altered via natural or induced genetic mutation so they can't cause disease. (MMR, OPV) |
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Term
| What are the advantages/disadvantages of live, weakened viruses? |
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Definition
adv: produces a strong immune response so can provide life long immunity with 1-2 doses
dis: not safe for pt's with compromised immune systems. Needs refridgeration |
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Term
| What are some examples of inactivated or "killed" vaccines? |
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Definition
| cholera, flu, hep A, rabies, IPV |
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Term
| What are the adv/disadv of killed vaccines? |
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Definition
adv: safe for people with compromised immune systems. No refrigeration
disavd: requires booster shots every few years to remain effective |
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Term
| What are subunit vaccines? |
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Definition
| vaccines made by using only immunogenic parts of the virus. Toxoids are comparable. Ex. Hep B vaccine |
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Term
| What are the advantages and disadvantages of subunit vaccines? |
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Definition
adv: lower chance of adverse reaction
disadv: research can be time-consuming and difficult |
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Term
| What are conjugate vaccines? |
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Definition
| linking poorly immunogenic polysaccharide coats of bacteria with proteins (e.g. toxins) so that the immune system can recognize the polysaccharide as if it were a protein antigen (Haemophilus influenzae B and pneumococcal vaccine) |
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Term
| What are the adv/disadv of conjugate vaccines? |
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Definition
adv: safe for immunocompromised
disadv: requires booster, expensive |
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Term
| Growing a human virus in nonhuman cells for a while can result in what type of vaccine? |
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Definition
| live, attenuated vaccines due to several point mutations that have allowed the virus to grow better in teh other species |
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Term
| What is the name of the pneumococal vaccine? What is it made of? |
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Definition
| Prevnar; conjugated vaccine containing capsular polysaccharide from multiple strains of streptococcus pneumoniae covalently linked to a nontoxic mutant diptheria toxin |
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Term
| What are examples of combination vaccines? |
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Definition
| DTaP, and Tdap (tetanus and tiptheria toxoids are combined with a killed perparation of the bacterium bordetella pertussis) |
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Term
| What are the adjuvant effects of combination vaccines such as DTaP and Tdap? |
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Definition
| immune response to toxoids is enhanced by the adjuvant effects of the whole pertussis bacteria which causes inflammation at the site of inoculation |
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Term
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Definition
| molecules, compounds or complexes that boost the potency and longevity of specific immune responses against vaccine antigens, but cause minimal toxicity or immune effects themselves |
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Term
| How do recominant vaccine vectors improve immune response? |
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Definition
| improve/faciliate delivery |
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Term
| Name the two general classes of adjuvants. |
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Definition
| immune stimulants and vehicles |
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Term
| Immune stimulant adjuvants include |
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Definition
| TLR ligands, cytokines, saponins, and bacterial exotoxins |
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Term
| What are vehicular adjuvants? |
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Definition
| they are controlled release and depot systems, such as emulsions, liposomes, nanoparticles, microspheres, and virus-like particles (VLPs) |
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Term
| What are vehicular adjuvants? |
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Definition
| they are controlled release and depot systems, such as emulsions, liposomes, nanoparticles, microspheres, and virus-like particles (VLPs) |
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Term
| What are the two adjuvants licensed for use in vaccines given to humans? |
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Definition
| alum (aluminum hydroxide gel that causes delayed release of antigen and enhanced macrophages uptake) and MF59 (squalene-oil-water emulsion that causes delayed release of antigen |
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Term
| How do you engineer a vaccine vector? |
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Definition
| inserting foreign genes from pathogens into non-essential regions of the genome of a virus or bacteri |
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Term
| What are diseases against which we have successful recombinant vector vaccines? |
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Definition
| vaccinia and its relatives fowlpox and MVA, adenovirus |
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Term
| Concern for the safety of a vaccines has lead to resurgence of which diseases? |
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Definition
|
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Term
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Definition
| when enough people in a population have been vaccinated to protect the few who haven't been vaccinated |
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Term
| What factors affect herd immunity for a particular disease? |
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Definition
| biologic properties of viruses/bacteria including ease/rate of transmition, rate of contact among susceptibles and immunes in a population, and number of susceptibles in the population |
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Term
| Vaccine candidates can be identified by analysis of the organisms: |
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Definition
| genome, transcriptome, proteome, surface proteome, structural genome, or immunoproteome |
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Term
| What is the name of the feild that studies the way in which infividual immune systems respond to a vaccine? |
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Definition
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Term
| Why is the yellow fever vaccine (YF-17D) so successful? |
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Definition
| mechanisms involving the innate immune system and immune/genomic systems biology |
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