Chickenpox/Shingles

Vaccine Preventable

 V: Herpesviridae family: Human Herpesvirus 3

• Varicella-zoster virus
• Chickenpox usually occurs in children
  • Rash starts on trunk and moves to limbs
  • airborne and person to person transmission
• Shingles - adult re-activation of the virus
  • Pain in one place -> rash with blisters (usually a dermatome on one side of the trunk)
  • Antiviral drugs must be started before post-herpetic neuralgia

Diptheria

Vaccine Preventable

B: Corynebacterium diphtheriae

• Respiratory and person-to-person
• Sore throat with swollen tonsils, pharynx, nose, and/or neck; sometimes skin lesions
• Complications: airway obstruction, respiratory disease

Hib

Vaccine Preventable

B: Haemophilus influenzae type b

• influenza mean pneumonia causing, not a flu virus 
• Symptoms may include pneumonia, meningitis, etc.
• 3-6% CFR; 20% of survivors have deafness

Measles (rubeola)

V: Paramyxoviridae family: Morbillivirus

• Highly contagious; airborne and person-to-person
• High fever with white spots inside cheeks -> rash that starts on face and neck and moves across body
• Complications: (especially in vitamin A deficient and immunocompromised) blindness, encephalitis, diarrhea, pneumonia; CFR 1-5% in developing countries; more than 200,000 child deaths worldwide each year

Meningococcus

Vaccine Preventable

B: Neisseria meningitidis

• Several subtypes; vaccine is only effective against some types
• Symptoms: high fever, headache, stiff neck, purple rash
• Complications: meningitis, brain damage, deafness, amputation; CFR: 5-15%
• Most common cause of bacterial meningitis in the USA

Mumps

Vaccine Preventable

V: Paramyxoviridae family: Rubulavirus

• Highly contagious; airborne and person-to-person
• Infection of salivary glands under chin and around cheeks; fever -> facial swelling
• Complications: encephalitis, meningitis; increasing risk with age

Pertussis

Vaccine Preventable

B: Bordatella pertussis

• "Whooping cough"
• Occurring as outbreaks in college students who were not vaccinated
• Most deadly in infants

Poliomyelitis

Vaccine Preventable

V: Picornaviridae family - Enterovirus: Poliovirus

• Initial infection may cause paralysis (1/200 cases); death in 5-10% of those cases due to paralysis of breathing muscles
• Post-Polio Syndrome may cause muscle failure decades after infection

Rabies

Vaccine Preventable

V: Rhabdoviridae family - Lyssavirus

• Zoonosis; transmission via mammal bites (saliva)
• Symptoms: nervous system impairment -> paralysis, hydrophobia, and death
• Without PEP (post-exposure prophylaxis) rabies is 100% fatal
• >50,000 human deaths worldwide each year

Rubella

Vaccine Preventable

V: Togaviridae family - Rubivirus

• German measles
• Mild fever and respiratory symptoms -> maculopapular rash for 3 days -> adult women may have arthritis for ~1 month
• Can cause birth defects if mother is infected in first trimester (85% born with abnormalities)

Tetanus

Vaccine Preventable

B: Clostridium tetani

(closed clenched)

• "Lockjaw": lockjaw, stiffness -> severe muscle spasm -> death in 10-20% of cases
• Prevent with tetanus toxoid (pre-exposure or PEP)