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Definition
| a cycle of activity that occurs roughly every 24 hours; controlled by the body's biological clock |
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| the idea that biological rhythms are synchronized with external happenings around you such as daylight levels and time of day |
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| rhythms that occur without external cues; generated from within |
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| Internal Desynchronization |
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| this occurs when biological rhythms are not in sync; can occur after switching time zones |
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| studied only sleep for his whole career as a psychologist; he, along with Aserinsky, used an EEG to measure the brain's activity during sleep |
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| eye movement, loss of muscle tone, dreaming; these periods last, on average, 20 mins |
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| sleep involving less eye movements; divided into 4 stages; this cycle lasts 30-45 minutes then moves in reverse; minor arousal occurs in both men and women |
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| Brain waves become small & irregular; you're in a light sleep |
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| sleep spindles occur; you will not be disturbe by minor noise |
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| short bursts of rapid, high-peaking brain waves |
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| Delta waves appear during this stage; breathing & pulse is slower, you are not easily awakened |
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| very slow brain waves with very high peaks |
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| delta waves have mostly taken over this stage; you are in a deep sleep; sleepwalking is most likely in this stage |
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| breathing periodically stops for a bit, causing choking and gasps which disturb sleep cycles; often without the sleeper's awareness |
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| a sleep disorder involving sudden & unpredictable daytime attacks of a huge urge to sleep. possible cause is the destruction of neurons in the hypothalamus |
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| normal sleep muscle paralysis doesn't occur and the sleeper (usually male) may start acting out his dreams while sleeping |
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| occurs when the sleeper is aware of dreaming |
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| Psychoanalytic Dream Theory |
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| Sigmund Freud; dreams provide insight into our desires, motives & conflicts of which the dreamer is unaware; one person may represent another in dreams; dreams represent severe mental disturbances |
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| Problem-Focused: Dreams as Efforts to Deal With Problems |
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Definition
| dreams may reflect the conscious preoccupations of the waking life- symbols/metaphors in a dream convey its true meaning; dreams provide insight to solve problems |
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| Cognitive Dream Theory: Thinking |
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Definition
| emphasizes current concerns, doesn't involve problem solving; dreams construct accurate views of the real world & involve the same kinds of memories, knowledge & assumptions as when awake |
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| Activation-Synthesis: Dreams as Interpreted Brain Activity |
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Definition
| J.Allan Hobson; dreaming results from neurons firing spontaneously in the lower part of the brain (pons) during REM sleep; cortex tries to make sense of these signals by synthesizing them; |
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| the process by which a neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus; basic learning involving associations between environmental stimulu & the organisms response |
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| an event or thing that elicits a response automatically/reflexively; in Pavlov's study, this was the food |
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| the response that is automatically produced; in Pavlov's study this was the salivation |
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| doesn't produce any response |
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| occurs when a neutral stimulus is regularly paired with an unconditioned stimulus |
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| elicits a learned response which is similar to the original one |
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| Extinction- Classical Conditioning |
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Definition
| the weakening and eventual disappearance of a learned response; occurs when the conditioned stimulus is no longer paired with the unconditioned stimulus |
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| the reappearance of a learned response after its extinction |
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| Higher-Order Conditioning |
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Definition
| a principal of classical conditioning; when a neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus by being paired with another conditioned stimulus; may explain why words can trigger emotional responses |
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| Stimulus Generalization & Discrimination |
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Definition
| the tendency for a response that's been reinforced or punished in the presence of one stimulus to occur in the presence of the other stimulus; eventually, the response you were hoping for would be the one you'd get |
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| our emotional responses to objects, people, events; influenced by classical conditioning |
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| negative emotions brought about by classical conditioning |
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| classical conditioning accounts for why we like or dislike certain foods/odors |
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| Operant/Instrumental Conditioning |
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| the process by which a response becomes more or less likely to occur, depending on the resulting consequences |
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| Skinner; the idea that to understand behavior we should focus on external causes of an action and its consequences... look outside, not inside, the individual |
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| described by Skinner; doesn't effect the probability that the response will reoccur |
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| this strengthens the response, makes it more likely to occur again, rewards hard work |
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| this weakens the response, makes it less likely to occur |
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| satisfies biological needs; things like food and water |
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| inherently punishing, ex pain and extreme temps |
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| a learned reward such as money, praise, applause etc |
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| things such as critisism, fines, discipline etc |
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| an experimental chamber that contains a bar or lever that an animal can press in order to receive food & water; also has an electrifiable floor so that experimenters can teach animals not to behave in certain ways |
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| capable of influencing perception, mood, cognition & behavior |
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| speeds up central nervous system activity |
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| slows down central nervous system activity |
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| relieve pain & produce euphoria |
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| produces hallucinations, alters consciousness |
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| Stimulus Discrimination (Operant/Instrumental Conditioning) |
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Definition
| the tendency of a response to occur in front of one stimulus but not the other |
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Definition
| ensuring that learning stays on schedule; the response is reinforced the first time and every time following that |
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Definition
| Skinner demonstrated the idea that this occurs because of intermittent reinforcement schedules |
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Definition
| reinforcing a tendency in the right direction and gradually aquiring responses that are more and more similar to the final, desired one |
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| Successive Approximations |
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Definition
| ordering behaviors in terms of their similarity to the desired response |
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| the tendency during operant conditioning for the organism to return to its instinctive behavior |
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| these are not directly related to the activity being reinforced |
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| Antecedents, Behaviors, Consequences |
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| the ability to retrieve/access that which we have learned |
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| Remembering something from scratch. |
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| trying to remember something for the benefit of something else (ex, knowing the right answer on tests) |
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| intermediate position between recall and recognition; when two memories become interconnected; when you remember one memory, you automatically remember the other |
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Definition
| vivid memories of an emotion-producing event; not always ENTIRELY precise; have a photogenic quality |
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| this occurs at an intermediate level of arousal (ex, mild test anxiety) |
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Experimental group: learn "a", learn "b", remember "a"
Control Group: learn "a", remember "a" (NO interference) |
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Experimental Group: learn "a", learn "b", remember "b"
Control Group: Learn "b", remember "b" |
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Term
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Definition
| learn A, learn B, if you have problems remembering A, it's because of Retroactive Interference |
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Definition
| learn A, learn B, if you can't remember B, it's because of Proactive interference |
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| argues that memory is the ability to retrieve previously learned info, and if you can't retrieve it, that doesn't mean it's been forgotten |
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| The inability to recall small, insignificant events |
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| not caused by head injury; loss of personal info, suhc as your own name |
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| when a person can't remember things that happened PRIOR to an emotion-inducing event |
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| when a person can't remember things that happen AFTER an emotion-inducing event |
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| learning one thing ASSISTS with the learning of a second thing |
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| another name for proactive interference; learning one thing may interfere with the learning of another thing |
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| confusing an event that happened to someone else with an event that happened to you |
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| the more someone thinks about a supposed event, the more they believe it actually happened |
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| conscious, intentional recollection of information |
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| part of the "three-box model"; information is only stored momentarily but it is extremely precise |
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| part of the "three-box" model; limited-capacity memory system; info is retained for brief periods; may store long-term register info temporarily as well |
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| part of the "three-box" model; stores memory for extended periods |
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| a type of long-term memory; remembering how to do something, such as a jigsaw puzzle |
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| a type of long-term memory; divides into two parts (semantic and episodic); knowing factual info, such as the capital of your country |
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| a type of declarative long-term memory; representations of the world, facts, rules etc |
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| a type of declarative long-term memory; internal representations of personally experienced memory |
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