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UVA RELI 2080
Islam in the Modern Age Midterm terms
84
Religious Studies
Undergraduate 2
03/18/2012

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Term
Abd
Definition
Slave, infantry in a military context
Term
Abyssinia
Definition
Christian empire of Ethiopia
Term
Amir al-Muminin
Definition
Commander of the Faithful, title of 'Umar and later caliphs
Term
Ansar
Definition
Medinan supporters of Muhammad
Term
Aramaic
Definition
Semitic language spoken by Christians of the Near East
Term
Atabeg
Definition
Turkish title for a deputy of a monarch or governor, often a tutor of princes
Term
Al-Azhar
Definition
Oldest Islamic seminary, established by Fatimids in 970-72
Term
Banu Hashim
Definition
Muhammad's clan
Term
Copts
Definition
Christians of Egypt adhering to Monophysite theology
Term
Dar al-Islam
Definition
Islamic territory/abode of Islam
Term
Dar al-Harb
Definition
Non-Islamic territory/abode of war
Term
Dawla
Definition
Revolution and eventual state or empire
Term
Dhimmi
Definition
People of the book or Protected people
Term
Diwan
Definition
Register of state treasury payment of Muslims
Term
Dyophysites
Definition
Christians adhering to the theology that Christ had two distinct natures, Divine and human
Term
Faranj or Ifranj
Definition
Franks
Term
Fiqh
Definition
Islamic jurisprudence
Term
Fitna
Definition
Muslim civil wars
Term
Hadith
Definition
Traditions and sayings attributed to Muhammad and his companions
Term
Hajj
Definition
Pilgrimage to Mecca, one of the five pillars of Islam
Term
Halal/Haram
Definition
Permitted/Proscribed
Term
Hanif
Definition
Pre-Islamic monotheist, non-Christian, non-Jewish
Term
Hijra
Definition
Muhammad's migration from Mecca to Medina in 622
Term
Ibn
Definition
When in a name, means "son of", female equivalent is 'Bint'
Term
Ijma
Definition
Historical consensus on legal issues, a source of Islamic law
Term
Ijtihad
Definition
Independent reasoning or inference, a source of Islamic law
Term
Imam
Definition
Religio-political leader
Term
Iqta
Definition
Tax farming or administrative grant of land
Term
Isnad
Definition
Chain of authorities for a hadith
Term
Jahiliyya
Definition
Age of ignorance, pre-Islamic period of paganism
Term
Jihad
Definition
Holy war legally, self purification as a spiritual concept
Term
Jizya
Definition
Poll tax levied on non-Muslims
Term
Ka'ba
Definition
Pagan shrine and later Islamic pilgrimage shrine, black cubical structure in Mecca
Term
Khaniqa
Definition
Sufi tavern/lodge, later connected with tombs/Shrines
Term
Khalifa
Definition
Caliph, notion of humankind representing God on earth
Term
Kharijites
Definition
Early puritanical sect in Islam which declared other Muslims as infidels
Term
Madrasa
Definition
Muslim seminary or school
Term
Mamluk
Definition
Military slaves, Cavalry
Term
Maslaha
Definition
What is in the Muslim public interest, a source of Islamic law
Term
Manichaeism
Definition
Dualistic religion established in Iraq in the 3rd century by Mani, whose followers were persecuted by Zoroastrians, Christians, and later Muslims
Term
Manzikert, Battle of
Definition
1071, opened Anatolia to Turks and Islam
Term
Mihna
Definition
Inquisition 833-61
Term
Monophysites
Definition
Near Eastern Christians adhering to the theology that Christ had one nature consisting of a divine and human element
Term
Muhajirun
Definition
Meccan emigrant supporters of Muhammad
Term
Munafiqun
Definition
Muslim hypocrites associated with the Battle of Khandaq in 627 CE
Term
Al-Mu'tazilla
Definition
Islamic theological school emphasizing rationality/reason, as well as the createdness of the Koran
Term
Muwali
Definition
Non-Arab clients of Arab tribes
Term
Qadisiyya Battle
Definition
637, Muslims captured Iraq from Sassanian empire
Term
Qasida
Definition
Pre-Islamic and Islamic poetic form
Term
Oughuz
Definition
Turkic tribes from Central Asia
Term
Peter the Hermit
Definition
Key instigator of the First Crusade, dies 1115
Term
Pope Urban II
Definition
Initiated First Crusade (1095-1099), dies 1099
Term
Qiyas
Definition
Analogical reasoning, a source of Islamic law
Term
Rashidun Caliphs
Definition
Rightly guided caliphs, Abu Bakr (632-34), Umar (634-44), Uthman (644-56), and 'Ali (656-661)
Term
Rum
Definition
Byzantine domains, Anatolia
Term
Sabians
Definition
Monotheistic religion who worship stellar angels, also known as "Baptists"
Term
Salah al-Din (Saladin in Latin)
Definition
Founder of Ayyubid Dynasty, reconquered Jerusalem in 1187
Term
Sawm
Definition
Fasting, one of the five pillars of Islam
Term
Shahada
Definition
Martyrdom
Term
Shahid
Definition
Martyr
Term
Shaykh
Definition
Muslim Scholar or head of Sufi order
Term
Shi'a
Definition
Followers of Ali ibn Abi Talib, first Shiite Imam and fourth Sunni Caliph
Term
Shirk
Definition
Polytheism or associating aught with God
Term
Shura
Definition
Consultative council
Term
Silsila
Definition
Chain of Sufi authorities or Shaykhs
Term
Siffin Battle
Definition
657, between 'Ali and Mu'awiyya, latter the founder of Umayyad Empire
Term
Sufism
Definition
Islamic mysticism
Term
Sultan, Sulta
Definition
Political, military power as opposed to religious
Term
Sunna
Definition
Tradition of Muhammad and his companions
Term
Sunni
Definition
Followers of the tradition of Muhammad and his companions, vast majority of Muslims
Term
Takfir
Definition
Declaring a Muslim to be an infidel
Term
Tariqa
Definition
Sufi "path", order, or guild
Term
Tawhid
Definition
God's unity/monotheism
Term
Twelver-Shi'a
Definition
Followers of Twelve imams
Term
Ulama
Definition
Muslim scholars or clerics
Term
Umma
Definition
Muslim Polity
Term
Zakat
Definition
Islamic tax paid by Muslims
Term
Zamzam
Definition
Well at Mecca
Term
Zoroastrianism
Definition
Persian dualistic religion founded by Zoroaster whose sacred book is the Avesta
Term
Zuhd
Definition
Asceticism
Term
Sunni Five Pillars
Definition
Shahada (profession of faith), Salat (prayers), Sawm (Ramadan fasting), Zakat (alms), Hajj (pilgrimage to Mecca), some consider Jihad the sixth pillar
Term
Shia Five Pillars
Definition
God's unity, Justice, prophethood, Imama, Resurrection
Term
Sunni Schools of Law
Definition
Hanafi - Iraq, Maliki - Medina, Shafi'i - Medina, Hanbali - Iraq
Term
Shi'i Schools of Law
Definition
Ja'fari
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