Term
| What is the purpose of the horseshoe shaped cartilages? |
|
Definition
| Protecting the trachea from collapsing when the pressure in the thoracic cavity becomes negative. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| It is the ability of the lungs to inflate, and change volume reasonable pressure. |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the larynx? |
|
Definition
| Speech, conducts air, protects lungs from things other than air. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| It is the opening at the larynx, between the vocal cords. |
|
|
Term
| Why is the right bronchus more prone to obstruction? |
|
Definition
| Mainly because it is wider, thus more likely an obstruction will enter. |
|
|
Term
| What supplies blood to the conducting airways? |
|
Definition
| Bronchial circulation. (Why not pulmonary circulation?) |
|
|
Term
| What are the two parts of the respiratory system? |
|
Definition
| Conducting airway (supplies the air), and the respiratory tissues (gas exchange occurs) - know where lung gas exchange occurs... [respiratory bronchioles and alveolar structures] |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the mucociliary blanket? |
|
Definition
| It serves to clean (by trapping dust, etc.) and to moisten air that passes over it. |
|
|
Term
| What is the purpose of the moisture in the conducting airway in relation to temperature? |
|
Definition
| As the body temperature rises, more moisture is added (evaporation). |
|
|
Term
| What is the pleural effusion? |
|
Definition
| Abnormal collection of fluid in the pleural cavity. |
|
|
Term
| Adequate ventilation depends on...? |
|
Definition
| Patent airways, compliant lungs, lung/atm pressure differences. |
|
|
Term
| What is the primary muscle that functions during inspiration? |
|
Definition
| diaphragm is the MAIN muscle of inspiration (others are accessories). |
|
|
Term
| How is oxygen transported in the blood? |
|
Definition
| Most, but not all, is attached to hemoglobin. |
|
|
Term
| To what does the PO2 level refer? |
|
Definition
| Plasma o2 levels, thus the amount of oxygen dissolved in plasma. |
|
|
Term
| Describe the functions of surface tension on alveoli? |
|
Definition
| Slows rate of expansion of alveoli, helps all alveoli expand at the same rate. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Maximum volume of air that can be inhaled and FORCED out. |
|
|
Term
| What is the relation between the surface area of the alveoli and the rate of gas diffusion in the lungs? |
|
Definition
| Direct relation of surface area and rate of gas diffusion - more area = more gas diffusion. |
|
|
Term
| Removal of a lung would cause what in relation to diffusing capacity? |
|
Definition
| It reduces surface area, thus decreasing the diffusing capacity of the lungs. |
|
|
Term
| Bicarbonate carries what in the blood? |
|
Definition
| The carbon dioxide is transported mostly in the form of bicarbonate. |
|
|
Term
| A prolonged fever can initiate dehydration by? |
|
Definition
| Increase (amount of water removed) evaporation from increased temperature Fever increases the respiratory rate, resulting in additional loss of water vapor through the lungs. |
|
|
Term
| What is % of humidity of the air in the lungs? |
|
Definition
| Although air can only be saturated to ยป 4% by ratio, like weather reports, we are using percent saturation, thus on a scale of 0% to 100% it is [100%] The air in the alveoli of the lungs is 100% saturated at the normal body temperature |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Dys pertains to something that is difficult, bad or painful. Dyspnea is difficult breathing. |
|
|
Term
| What causes acute respiratory distress syndrome? |
|
Definition
| The adult respiratory distress is characterized by widespread atelectasis, loss of surfactant, interstial edema, formation of hyaline membrane. Impaired gas diffusion. |
|
|
Term
| What does positive tuberculosis skin test indicate? |
|
Definition
| They have been exposed and sensitized (possibly from immunization). |
|
|
Term
| What is the purpose of the two-step testing of tuberculosis? |
|
Definition
| Check for boosted response to the first test. |
|
|
Term
| What are the symptoms of influenza? |
|
Definition
| Fever, chills, general malaise |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The pleura is covering that protects the lungs. ( A double-layered serous membrane to reduce friction of lung movement) |
|
|
Term
| What is spontaneous pneumothorax? |
|
Definition
| It is collapse of a portion of lung, not caused by outside influences. |
|
|
Term
| Define tension pneumothorax. |
|
Definition
| It is caused by a side shift of the mediastinum to the opposite side. (causes by an injury or other outside influence) |
|
|
Term
| What agent causes pneumonia? |
|
Definition
| S. pneumonia [Streptococcus pneumonia] |
|
|
Term
| The polysaccharides capsule of S. pneumonia protects it from what? |
|
Definition
| Polysaccharide protection means it will be difficult to be eaten by phagocytes. |
|
|
Term
| Define Legionaire's Disease. |
|
Definition
| It is most common in persons with chronic illness and it consolidates lung tissue. It is preceded by diarrhea, hyponatremia, and confusion. Outbreaks of Legionners disease have been traced to air-conditioning cooling towers and evaporative condensers. |
|
|
Term
| Common opportunistic infection in children with AIDS. |
|
Definition
| Pneumocystis carinii - (not bacterial, but fungus) |
|
|
Term
| The common cold is transmitted via... |
|
Definition
| The most major vectors for transmission are our own fingers. |
|
|
Term
| What virus is responsible for the common cold? |
|
Definition
| Rhinoviruses, Parainfluenza Viruses, RSV [Respiratory Syncytial Virus], and Adenoviruses |
|
|
Term
| What are the features of the mycobacterium that cause tuberculosis? |
|
Definition
| Slender rod-shaped, do not spore, waxy coat that retains acid/red die, and they are aerobes (use the oxygen environment in the lungs, as opposed to anaerobes. |
|
|
Term
| How do antihistamines adversely affect the lungs? |
|
Definition
| They dry the bronchial secretions. |
|
|
Term
| Sinuses favor the growth of organisms because they |
|
Definition
| Sinuses have low oxygen concentration; many organisms favor this. |
|
|
Term
| What is the pressure in relation to the lungs during a tension pneumothorax compared to the atmospheric pressure? |
|
Definition
| Intrapleural pressure exceeds atmospheric pressure. |
|
|
Term
| What happens to the trachea's position during a tension pneumothorax? |
|
Definition
| It deviates [from its normal position]. |
|
|
Term
| Acute respiratory distress syndrome causes what lung difficulties? |
|
Definition
| Impaired gas diffusion, and lungs become stiff and do not inflate easily. |
|
|
Term
| What are signs of hypercapnia [increases carbon dioxide in blood]? |
|
Definition
| Headache, flushed skin, conjunctival hyperemia [abnormally high amount of blood in eyes]. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Higher than normal ventilation rate which will cause a decrease in blood CO2 levels. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A special pleural effusion... it differs in that the pleural cavity fills with pus. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Part of the lung does not expand completely. |
|
|
Term
| What happens to the residual lung volume during an asthmatic attack? |
|
Definition
| It increases, as air is trapped, and can not contribute to vital capacity. |
|
|
Term
| What is chronic obstructive pulmonary disease? |
|
Definition
| Small airway obstruction during expiratory phase of ventilations. COPD is a group of disease (chronic bronchitis, emphysema, and bronchiectasis ) characterized by presence of airflow obstruction. |
|
|
Term
| Emphysema affects what part of the lungs? |
|
Definition
| Air space abnormally enlarges with destruction of alveolar walls |
|
|
Term
| Why not give a person with hypoxia a high concentration of oxygen? |
|
Definition
| Chemoreceptors for blood o2 would infer high o2 and reduce breathing stimuli. High concentrations suppress the CO2 chemoreceptors which provide the main stimulus for ventilation |
|
|
Term
| happens to the lungs during asbestosis? |
|
Definition
| Injury causes scar tissue and stiffening of lung tissue. |
|
|
Term
| Describe pulmonary circulation. |
|
Definition
| Portion of the cardiovascular system which carries oxygen-depleted blood away from the heart to the lungs and returns oxygenated blood back to the heart |
|
|
Term
| Describe the bronchial circulation system. |
|
Definition
| Circulation system that brings blood to the lungs for their function, not pulmonary circulation |
|
|
Term
| In addition to the bicarbonate buffer system, what other two ways is carbon dioxide transported in the blood? |
|
Definition
| 1) Carried in a dissolved state in the plasma 2) associated with hemoglobin of red blood cells in the form of carbomino-hemoglobin. |
|
|
Term
| What are the most likely causes of emphysema? List at least three things. |
|
Definition
| Cigarette smoking, dust and genetics |
|
|
Term
| What is the normal arterial level range of PO2? |
|
Definition
|
|
