Term
More likely primary/secondary TB?
1. radiographic finding = Ghon complex; classically affects lower lobes
2. miliary TB
3. fibrocaseous cavitary lung lesion; classically affects apical lungs (high affinity for high O2 environments)
4. symptoms of cough/hemoptysis, fever, night sweats, and weight loss |
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Definition
1. primary
2. secondary
3. secondary
4. secondary |
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Term
| What type of hypersensitivity reaction is seen after infection with M. tuberculosis? |
|
Definition
| type IV/delayed type (basis for PPD test) |
|
|
Term
| What unique type of cell is seen in association with caseating granulomas in TB? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the mode of transmission of M. tuberculosis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what term describes the lymphatic and hematogenous spread of TB, causing numerous foci of infection in extrapulmonary sites? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| 5 common sites of extrapulmonary TB: |
|
Definition
1. CNS (tuberculous meningitis)
2. vertebral bodies (Pott disease)
3. Psoas major muscle - abscess
4. GI tract (liver and cecum)
5. cervical lymph nodes - scrofuloderma |
|
|
Term
| what is an effective screening tool for latenet TB? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| how is active TB infection diagnosed? |
|
Definition
| clinical and radiologic signs of secondary TB and acid-fast bacilli in sputum |
|
|
Term
| what is the management of PPD and latent TB |
|
Definition
| treat with INH + pyridoxine (vit B6) for 9 months |
|
|
Term
| what is the treatment for active TB? |
|
Definition
| respiratory isolation and initial 4 drug therapy = RIPE = Rifampin, INH, Pyrizinamide, Ethambutol |
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|
Term
| What is the major toxicity of most TB drugs? |
|
Definition
Hepatotoxicity: INH- Vit B 6 deficiency
ethambutol - optic neuritis |
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|
Term
| What antibiotic binds penicillin-binding proteins to inhibit transpeptidase and block cell wall synthesis as well as release autolytic enzymes? |
|
Definition
| Beta-Lactam antibiotics - penicillin, cephalosporins, cephalomycins, carbapenems, and monobactams |
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|
Term
| which antibiotic forms reactive cytotoxic metabolites inside the cell? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which antibiotic binds and inactivates B-lactamase to protect the antibiotic? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which antibiotic inhibits 50S peptidyl transferase? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which antibiotic blocks entry of aa-tRNA to 30S ribosomal complex? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which antibitoic blocks transpeptidation of D-ala? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which antibiotic inhibits dihydrofolate reductase? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which antibiotic is a para-aminobenzoic acid (PABA) antimetabolites to decrease dihydropteroate synthase? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Which antibiotic binds to the 30S subunit to block formation of 70S initiation complex causing misreading of the mRNA? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which antibioticss bind to 50S subunit to inhibit translocase? |
|
Definition
| macrolides (erythromycin and azithromycin) |
|
|
Term
| which antibiotics block DNA topoisomerases (gyrase) |
|
Definition
| quinolones (ciprofloxacin and levofloxacin) |
|
|
Term
Which antibiotics
1. block 50S peptide bond formation?
2. inhibit DNA-dependent RNA polymerase?
3. interferes with mycolic acid synthesis? |
|
Definition
1. clindamycin
2. Rifampin
3. INH |
|
|
Term
| Which antibiotics bind to bacterial/fingal cell membranes to discrupt osmotic properties? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which antibiotics are PABA antagonists that block purine synthesis? |
|
Definition
| sulfones (dapsone and sulfoxone) |
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|
Term
Name the antibacterial drugs associated with these toxicities:
1. kernicterus in infants
2. interstitial nephritis
3. disulfiram-like reactions
4. photosensitivity rash
5. Gray baby syndrome |
|
Definition
1. sulfonamides and ceftriaxone
2. penicillins
3. metronidazole, second generation cephalosporins
4. doxycycline
5. chloramphenicol |
|
|
Term
Which antibacterial drugs are associated with these toxicities:
1. megaloblastic anemia
2. hemolytic anemia in G6PD deficiencies
3. hepatotoxicity, vitamin B6 deficiency, lupuslike syndrome
4. pseudomembranous colitis
5. fanconi syndrome |
|
Definition
1. TMP
2. sulfonamides, choramphenicol, nitrofurantoin, INH
3. INH
4. clindamycin (most common)
5. tetracycline (ingestion of expired drug) |
|
|
Term
Name the antibacterial drugs associated with these toxicities:
1. ototoxicity and nephrotoxicity
2. red, pruritic rash on torso with rapid IV infusion (red man syndrome)
3. reversible cholestatic hepatitis, increase GI motility
4. achilles tendonities, cartilage damage in lab animals
5. red orange discoloration of bodily secretions
6. discolors teeth, suppresses bone growth in kids
7. aplastic anemia (dose dependent)
8. neurotoxicity and nephrotoxicity |
|
Definition
1. aminoglycosides
2. vancomycin
3. erythromycin
4. fluroquinolones
5. rifampin
6. tetracycline
7. chloramphenicol
8. polymyxins |
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|
Term
| Name 6 uses for metronidazole |
|
Definition
1. giardia
2. entamoeba
3. trichomonas
4. gardnerella vaginalis
5. anaerobes
6. helicobacter pylori |
|
|
Term
| WHich drug is used in solo prophylaxis for TB? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do organisms develop resistance against vancomycin? |
|
Definition
| D-Lac replaces the terminal D-ala in cell wall and decreases the affinity of vancomycin for the cell wall |
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