Term
| Actinic (solar keratosis) predisposes to what cancer? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Acute gastric ulcer associated w/ CNS injury |
|
Definition
| Cushing's ulcer (Increased ICP stimulates vagal gastric secretion) |
|
|
Term
| Acute gastric ulcer associated w/ severe burns |
|
Definition
| Curling's ulcer (greatly reduced plasma volume results in sloughing of gastric mucosa)...think "curling iron" and burns |
|
|
Term
| Alternating areas of transmural inflammation and normal colon |
|
Definition
| Skip lesions (Crohn's dz; autoimmune)..."string sign"- narrowing of lumen |
|
|
Term
| Most common cause of Aneurysm, dissecting |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Most common cause of Aortic aneurysm, abdominal and descending aorta |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Most common cause of Aortic aneurysm, ascending |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Most common cause of Atrophy of the mammillary bodies |
|
Definition
| Wernicke's encephalopathy (thiamine deficiency causing ataxia, opthalmoplegia, and confusion)...remember to always give thiamine before glucose so as to not exacerbate |
|
|
Term
| Most common cause of Autosplenectomy |
|
Definition
| Sickle cell anemia (HbS)...susceptibility to encapsulated organisms |
|
|
Term
| Most common cause of Bacteremia/pneumonia in IV drug user |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Bacteria associated w/ stomach cancer |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Most common cause of Bacterial meningitis (adults and elderly) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Most common cause of Bacterial meningitis (newborns and kids) |
|
Definition
| Group B strep and e. coli (newborns), strep pneumo and neisseria meningitidis (kids) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Spitz nevus (most common in first 2 decades) |
|
|
Term
| Bleeding d/o with Gp1b deficiency |
|
Definition
| Bernard-Soulier dz (defect in platelet adhesion) |
|
|
Term
| Most common 4 Brain tumors in adults |
|
Definition
| "MGM Studios"...Metastasis > Gioblastoma multiforme > Meningioma > Schwannoma |
|
|
Term
| Most common Brain tumors in kids (mostly infratentorial) |
|
Definition
| Astrocytomas > Medulloblastoma > Ependymoma > Craniopharyngioma (supratentorial) |
|
|
Term
| Most common breast cancer |
|
Definition
| Infiltrating ductal carcinoma (1 in 9 women in US) |
|
|
Term
| Most common cause of Breast mass |
|
Definition
1. Fibrocystic change
2. Carcinoma (postmenopausal women) |
|
|
Term
| Most common cause of Benign breast tumor |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Bug in debilitated hospitalized pneumonia pt |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Most common Cardiac primary tumor in kids |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Most common Cardiac Manifestation of lupus |
|
Definition
| Libman-Sacks endocarditis (nonbacterial, affecting mitral) |
|
|
Term
| Most common cause of Cardiac tumor (adults)..2 |
|
Definition
1. metastasis
2. Primary myxoma (4:1 left to right atrium, "ball and valve") |
|
|
Term
| Most common cardiomyopathy |
|
Definition
| Dilated cardiomyopathy (40% are familial) |
|
|
Term
| Most common cause of cerebellar tonsillar herniation |
|
Definition
| Arnold-Chiari malformation (often causes hydrocephalis) and syringomyelia |
|
|
Term
| Most common cause of chronic arrhythmia |
|
Definition
| atrial fibrillation (assoc'd w/ high risk of emboli) |
|
|
Term
| Chronic atrophic gastritis (autoimmune) |
|
Definition
| Predisposition to gastric carcinoma (also causes pernicious anemia by destroying parietal cells) |
|
|
Term
| Clear cell adenocarcinoma in utero |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (what enzyme is deficient?) |
|
Definition
| 21-hydroxylase deficiency |
|
|
Term
| Most common congenital cardiac anomaly |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Congenital conjugated hyperbilirubinemia (black liver) |
|
Definition
| Dubin-Johnson syndrome (inability of hepatocytes to secrete conjugated bilirubin into bile) |
|
|
Term
| Most common cause of constrictive pericarditis in the developing world |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Most common coronary artery involved in thrombosis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Most common cause of cretinism |
|
Definition
| iodide deficiency/ hypothyroidism |
|
|
Term
| Most common cause of Cushing syndrome |
|
Definition
1. corticosteroid therapy (exogenous steroids)
2. Excess ACTH secreted by pituitary (Cushing's dz) |
|
|
Term
| Most common cause of early cyanosis (less common than late) |
|
Definition
| T's: Tetralogy of Fallot, Transposition of great vessels, Truncus arteriosis |
|
|
Term
| Most common cause of late cyanosis (more common than early) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Most common cause of death in CML |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Most common cause of death in SLE |
|
Definition
| lupus nephropathy (dsDNA) |
|
|
Term
| Most common cause of dementia (2) |
|
Definition
1. Alzheimer's dz
2. Multiple infarcts |
|
|
Term
| Most common demyelinating dz |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Most common causes of DIC |
|
Definition
| "STOP Making New Thrombi"...Sepsis (gram-), Trauma, Obstetric complications, Pancreatitis, Malignancy, Nephrotic syndrome, Transfusion |
|
|
Term
| Most common dietary deficiency? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Diverticulum of the pharynx |
|
Definition
| Zenker's diverticulum, dx by barium swallow |
|
|
Term
| Most common cause of ejection click |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Most common kind of esophageal cancer |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Most common cause of food poisoning |
|
Definition
| staph aureus (pre-formed toxin) |
|
|
Term
| Most common gene involved in cancer |
|
Definition
| p53 tumor suppressor gene |
|
|
Term
| Most common cause of glomerulonephritis (adults) |
|
Definition
| Berger's Dz (IgA nephropathy) |
|
|
Term
| Most common gynecological malignancy |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Most common heart valve involved in bacterial endocarditis |
|
Definition
| Mitral (rheumatic fever, 2nd valve is aortic), tricuspid (IVDA) |
|
|
Term
| Most common helminthic infections in the U.S. (2) |
|
Definition
1. Enerobius vermicularis (pinworms)
2. Ascaris lumbricoides (Loffler's eosinophilic pneumonitis) |
|
|
Term
| Cause of epidural hematoma (artery) |
|
Definition
| Rupture of Middle Meningeal A, temporal bone trauma, bleeding is FAST |
|
|
Term
| Cause of subdural hematoma (vessels) |
|
Definition
| rupture of the bridging veins, trauma, bleeding is SLOW |
|
|
Term
| Most common cause of hemochromatosis |
|
Definition
| multiple blood transfusions (can result in CHF and increased risk of hepatocellular carcinoma) |
|
|
Term
| Most common cause of Hepatocellular carcinoma |
|
Definition
| cirrhotic liver (often assoc'd w/ hep B and C) |
|
|
Term
| Most common hereditary bleeding disorder |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Most common hereditary harmless jaundice (incidental finding) |
|
Definition
| Gilbert's syndrome (benign congenital unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| "PAIR"... Psoriatic arthritis, Ankylosing spondylitis, IBD, Reiter's |
|
|
Term
| HLA-DR3 or DR4 association (3) |
|
Definition
| Diabetes Mellitis Type 1, Rheum arthritis, SLE |
|
|
Term
| 3 causes of a holocystolic murmur |
|
Definition
| VSD, tricuspid regurg, mitral regurg |
|
|
Term
| Hypercoagability + endothelial damage + blood stasis |
|
Definition
| Virchow's triad (results in DVT) |
|
|
Term
| Most common cause of hypOparathyroidism |
|
Definition
| thyroidectomy (actually removing part of parathyroids) |
|
|
Term
| Most common cause of hypopituitarism |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Hepatitis associated w/ blood transfusions |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 3 most common type of kidney stones |
|
Definition
1. Calcium (radiopaque)
2. Struvite (ammonium)..radiopaque (formed by urease+ organisms such as proteus and staph)
3. Uric acid (radiolucent) |
|
|
Term
| Late cyanotic shunt (uncorrected L-->R becomes R-->L) |
|
Definition
| Eisenmenger's syndrome (caused by ASD, VSD, PDA; results in pulmonary HTN/polycythemia) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Most common lysosomal storage dz |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Malignancy associated w/ non-infectious fever |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Top 3 causes of mental retardation |
|
Definition
1. Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
2. Down's Syndrome
3. Fragile X Syndrome (FMR1 gene mutation) |
|
|
Term
| Most common malignant skin tumor |
|
Definition
| Basal cell carcinoma (rarely metastasizes, stays at home BASE) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| BL...PTK (prostate, testes, kidney) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| BL..KS (kidneys, skin-melanoma) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| BL...CGP (colon, gastric, pancreas) |
|
|
Term
| Most common cause of mitral valve stenosis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Most common motor neuron dz |
|
Definition
| ALS (UMN-corticospinal tract, LMN-ant horn cells) |
|
|
Term
| 2 viral causes of myocarditis |
|
Definition
| coxsackie B and echovirus |
|
|
Term
| 2 most common neoplasms in kids |
|
Definition
1. ALL
2. Cerebellar astrocytoma |
|
|
Term
| Most common cause of nephrotic syndrome in adults |
|
Definition
| Membranous glomerulonephritis ("spikes" and "domes" |
|
|
Term
| Most common cause of nephrotic syndrome in kids |
|
Definition
| Minimal change dz (assoc's w/ infections/vaccinations, tx w/ corticosteroids)....lose podocyte foot processes |
|
|
Term
| Obstruction of male urinary tract |
|
Definition
| BPH (treat w/ finasteride and alpha blockers) |
|
|
Term
| Most common cause of opening snap |
|
Definition
| mitral stenosis, best heard in left lateral decubitus position |
|
|
Term
| Most common opportunistic infection in AIDS |
|
Definition
| PCP (treat w/ bactrim <200) |
|
|
Term
| Most common organ receiving mets |
|
Definition
| adrenal glands, due to rich blood supply |
|
|
Term
| Most common cause of osteomyelitis |
|
Definition
| staph aureus (Sickle cell- salmonella, IVDA-pseudomonas) |
|
|
Term
| Most common organ sending mets |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Ovarian metastasis f/ gastric carcinoma or breast cancer |
|
Definition
| Krukenberg tumor (mucin-secreting signet ring cells) |
|
|
Term
| Most common ovarian tumor (benign) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Most common ovarian tumor (benign) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Most common malignant ovarian tumor |
|
Definition
| serous cystadenocarcinoma (psammoma bodies, CA-125) |
|
|
Term
| Most common pancreatic tumor |
|
Definition
| Adenocarcinoma (head of pancreas)...painless jaundice! |
|
|
Term
| Most common cause of acute pancreatitis |
|
Definition
| EtOH and gallstones (also high TG or Ca2+) |
|
|
Term
| Ages of pts w/ ALL, CLL, AML, CML... |
|
Definition
| ALL: child, CML: adults 35-50, CLL/AML: adults>60 |
|
|
Term
| Most common pt w/ Hodgkin's dz |
|
Definition
| young male (except nodular sclerosis type-female) |
|
|
Term
| Philadelphia chromosome 2(9;22) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Most common pituitary tumor |
|
Definition
1. prolactinoma
2. Somatotrophic "acidophilic" adenoma (releases GH) |
|
|
Term
| Most common hospital-acquired pneumonia |
|
Definition
| Klebsiella (also staph. or pseudomonas if intubated) |
|
|
Term
| Most common cause of primary amenorrhea |
|
Definition
| Turner's syndrome (XO, get a karyotype) |
|
|
Term
| Most common primary bone tumor in adults |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Most common cause of primary hyperaldosteronism |
|
Definition
| Adenoma of adrenal cortex |
|
|
Term
| Most common primary liver cancer |
|
Definition
| hepatocellular carcinoma (aka hepatoma) |
|
|
Term
| 3 most common causes of primary herparathyroidism |
|
Definition
1. Adenomas
2. Hyperplasia
3. Carcinoma (PTH-related peptide) |
|
|
Term
| Most common cause of primary HTN |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Recurrent inflammation/thrombosis of small/medium vessels in extremities |
|
Definition
| Buerger's dz (young male smokers) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Renal cell carcinoma; associated w/ von Hippel Lindau and ADPKD; paraneoplactic syndromes (erythropoeitin, renin, PTH, ACTH) |
|
|
Term
| Right heart failure diue to a pulmonary cause |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| S3 (protodiastolic gallop) |
|
Definition
| increased ventricular filling (L-->R shunt, mitral regurg, LV failure-CHF, dilated cardiomyopathy) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| stiff/hypertrophic ventricle (aortic stenosis, restrictive cardiomyopathy, LVH, HOCM) |
|
|
Term
| Most common cause of secondary hyperparathyroidism |
|
Definition
| hypocalcemia of chronic kidney dz (decrease vit D, Ca2+, increased PTH) |
|
|
Term
| Most common cause of SIADH |
|
Definition
| Small cell carcinoma of the lung (also lung pathology) |
|
|
Term
| Most common site of diverticula |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 2 most common sites of metastasis |
|
Definition
1. regional lymph nodes
2. liver |
|
|
Term
| Most common sites of atherosclerosis |
|
Definition
| abdominal aorta > coronary > popliteal > carotid |
|
|
Term
| Most common stomach cancer |
|
Definition
| adenocarcinoma (signet ring cells) |
|
|
Term
| Most common cause of stomach ulcerations and high gastrin levels |
|
Definition
| Zollinger Ellison syndrome (gastrinoma of duodenum or pancreas) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Follicular lymphomas (bcl-2) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Burkitt's lymphoma (c-myc activation) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Philadelphia chromosome, CML (bcr-abl hybrid) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Complication of Giant cell/Temporal arteritis |
|
Definition
| Risk of ipsilateral blindness due to thrombosis of opthalmic artery, increased ESR |
|
|
Term
| Most common testicular tumor |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Most common thyroid cancer |
|
Definition
| Papillary carcinoma (psammoma bodies and Orphan-Annie nuclei) |
|
|
Term
| Most common tumor of women |
|
Definition
| Leiomyoma (estrogen dependent...uterine fibroid, bleeds a lot) |
|
|
Term
| Most common tumor of infancy |
|
Definition
| Hemangioma ("strawberry"- gets worse then regresses on its own) |
|
|
Term
| Most common adult tumor of the adrenal medulla |
|
Definition
| Pheochromocytoma (benign) |
|
|
Term
| Most common kid tumor of the adrenal medulla |
|
Definition
| Adrenal neuroblastoma (malignant, Homer-Wright pseudorosettes) |
|
|
Term
| Most common type of Hodgkins |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Most common type of non-Hodgkins |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| e. coli (80%)...then staph saprophyticus |
|
|
Term
| Most common cause of viral encephalitis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Most common vitamin deficiency in the US |
|
Definition
| folic acid (pregnant women are at high risk; body only stores 3-4 month supply) |
|
|
