Term
| Trt for severe clostridium difficile infection ? |
|
Definition
Metronidazole
Vancomycin only if no other drug available |
|
|
Term
| Trt for Nocardia (partially acid fast) species ? |
|
Definition
| Sulfonamides (high dose) or TMP/SMX |
|
|
Term
Drug that can trt Neisseria Meningitidis in neonates, kids, and adults?
Other drugs possible in age groups |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Trt for Neisseria Gonorrhoeae ? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Prevention for Neisseria Meningitidis infection ? |
|
Definition
Vaccine: capsular polysaccharide of strains Y, W-135, C, and A
Prophylaxis of close contacts: Rifamipin (or ciprofloxacin) |
|
|
Term
| Trt for Pseudomonas infection ? |
|
Definition
| Antipseudomonal penicillin (like Ticarcillin or Piperacillin) and Aminoglycoside |
|
|
Term
| What form of drug crosses membranes ? |
|
Definition
| Only nonionized (uncharged) form of drug is lipid soluble |
|
|
Term
| How to treat hepatic encephalopathy ? |
|
Definition
Lactulose
Causes lactic acid to convert ammonia to ammonium (or acidifies the gut) whcih is easier to eliminate in stool |
|
|
Term
| What happens at glomerulus with drugs ? |
|
Definition
Is an exception b/c both ionized and nonionized forms of drugs get filtered
And only nonionized (uncharged) drug can be secreted or absorbed |
|
|
Term
| How to treat aspirin (weak acid) overdose ? |
|
Definition
| Give sodium bicarbonate or acetazolamide or anything that alkanizes the urnie, and this increases renal elimination |
|
|
Term
| Some things that can acidify the urine ? |
|
Definition
| Sodium chloride, vitamin C, cranberry juice |
|
|
Term
| Most rapid route of drug administration ? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Bioavailability (Fraction of drug that reaches the blood) |
|
|
Term
| Ex of Phase 1 Metabolism ? |
|
Definition
Oxidation, reduction, and hydrolysis reactions
Ex: Cytochromoe P450 isozymes |
|
|
Term
| Why does Chlroamphenical cause Gray Baby Syndrome ? |
|
Definition
B/C neonates cannot glucoronidate the drug
So problem in Phase 2 metabolism |
|
|
Term
| Most drugs follow what kinetics ? |
|
Definition
First-order kinetics
Half-life is constant
Elimination rate is variable |
|
|
Term
| Only 3 drugs that follow Zero-Order kinetcis ? |
|
Definition
P E A
Phenytoin (high doses)
Ethanol (except low blood levels)
Aspirin |
|
|
Term
| In first-order kinetics, what is only variable that determines time to reach steady state ? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Clinical steady state can be reached in ? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Vd (volume of distribution) = ? |
|
Definition
Vd = D / C
or Dose / plasma conc. of drug at time zero |
|
|
Term
| Difference b/w pharmacologic and physiologic antagonism and chemical antagonism ? |
|
Definition
Pharmacologic antagonists work on same receptor
Physiologic antagonists work on different recpetors
Chemical antagonists form a complex b/w effector drug and another compound |
|
|
Term
| What are non-competitive antagonists ? |
|
Definition
Subtype of pharmacologic antagonism
They do not change Km
They decrease Vmax |
|
|
Term
| What receptors activate Gs proteins ? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What has short pre-ganglionic and long post-ganglionic nerves ? |
|
Definition
| Sympathetic nervous system |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do you never see in a bp / heart rate tracing ? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What two receptors are on heart and influence heart rate ? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What two receptors are on blood vessels and influence bp ? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the only two organ systems dominated by sympathetic control ? |
|
Definition
| Blood vessels and sweat glands |
|
|
Term
| What two AchE inhibitors are used for trt of Alzheimer's disease ? |
|
Definition
| Donepezil and Rivastigmine |
|
|
Term
| What drug is an antidote in atropine overdose, treats glaucoma, and can enter the CNS ? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What drugs are contraindicated in closed-angle glaucoma ? |
|
Definition
| Antimuscarinics and alpha 1 agonists |
|
|
Term
| Some examples of muscarinic blockers ? |
|
Definition
| Atropine, Ipratropium, Scopolamine, Benztroprine |
|
|
Term
| What is NE increased in the synapse ? |
|
Definition
MAOIs (Phenelzine)
Amphetamines
Cocaine and TCAs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Irreversibly blocks VMAT and destroys storage vesicles so NE decreases |
|
|
Term
| What is a D1 agonist drug used for severe hypertension ? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What drug is an alpha-1 agonist ? |
|
Definition
Phenylephrine
Nasal decongestant and does mydriasis w/o cycloplegia |
|
|
Term
| Exs of Selective alpha-1 blockers ? |
|
Definition
| Prazosin, Doxazosin, Tamsulosin (only used for BPH) |
|
|
Term
| Which Beta blockers are specific ? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What antiarrhythmic drug can cause cinchonism (GI, **tinnitus**, ocular dysfunction, CNS excitation) ? |
|
Definition
Quinidine
Also causes increased QT interval and Torsades |
|
|
Term
| What do Beta-blockers do as anti-arrhythmics ? |
|
Definition
Decrease SA and AV nodal activity
Decrease Slope of phase 4 |
|
|
Term
| Adverse effects of Amiodarone ? |
|
Definition
Pulmonary fibrosis
Blue skin tone due to iodine accumulation
corneal deposits
thyroid dysfunction
etc...
Need to monitor PFTs, LFTs, TFTs |
|
|
Term
| Side-effect of Verapamil ? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What class of anti-arrhythmics decrease SA and AV nodal activity and decrease phase 0 and phase 4 ? |
|
Definition
| Class 4 : Calcium Channel Blockers |
|
|
Term
| Magnesium is give to correct ? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Drugs to treat SVT and VT ? |
|
Definition
For SVT)
Class 2
Class 4
Adenosine
Digoxin
For VT)
Class 1
Class 3 |
|
|
Term
| Mnemonic for Anti-Arrhythmics ? |
|
Definition
(S)aved
(B)y
(P)harm
(C)lass |
|
|
Term
| Drugs to use in hypertensive management during pregnancy ? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Side-effects of Reserpine ? |
|
Definition
| ***Main one is severe depression and is due to depletion of amines*** |
|
|
Term
| Side-effects of Reserpine ? |
|
Definition
| ***Main one is severe depression and is due to depletion of amines*** |
|
|
Term
| Side-effects of Reserpine ? |
|
Definition
| ***Main one is severe depression and is due to depletion of amines*** |
|
|
Term
| Side-effects of Reserpine ? |
|
Definition
| ***Main one is severe depression and is due to depletion of amines*** |
|
|
Term
| How to treat eclamptic seizures ? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What vasodilator only dilates arterioles ? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Trt for cyanide toxicity (due to like Nitroprusside side-effect) ? |
|
Definition
Sodium nitrite
Amyl nitrite
Sodium thiosulfate |
|
|
Term
| How do Minoxidil and Dizoxide work ? |
|
Definition
Open K+ channel, causing hyperpolarization of smooth muscle, causing arteriolar vasodilation
Diazoxide can also treat insulinoma |
|
|
Term
| Drugs that cause gingival hyperplasia ? |
|
Definition
Phenytoin
Cyclosporine
"-dipines" (Ca2+ channel blockers) |
|
|
Term
| ACEI/ARBS contraindicated in pregnancy ? |
|
Definition
|
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