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| The Supreme Court ruled that the Constitution requires the states to provide defense attorneys to criminal defendents charged with serious offenses who cannot afford lawyers themselves. The case began with the 1961 arrest of Clarence Earl Gideon. |
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| The opposite of a liberal. Believes in conservatives beliefs (limited government role). |
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| The Supreme Court ruled that detained criminal suspects, prior to police questioning, must be informed of their constitutional rights to an attorney and against self-incrimination.. Miranda was not informed of his rights prior to the police investigation. |
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| it poses restrictions on government power |
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| FCC Regulatory Oversights |
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| The FCC (Federal Communication Commission) took over wire communication regulation from the Interstate Commerce Commission. Regulates broadcast TV media. |
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| Opposite of a conservative. Believes in more government involvement. |
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| The process in which the media attend to some issues and not others and thereby alter the standards by which people evaluate election candidates. |
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| The effect of the media on issues and problems people focus upon. |
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| The process through which an individual acquires particular orientation. (The learning process by which people acquire their political beliefs and values). |
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| A public office or position of authority that provides its occupant with an outstanding opportunity to speak out on any issue. (President can directly communicate with the public to sway opinion). |
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| Rule by a majority, especially the belief that those constituting a simple majority should make the rules for all members of a group, nation, etc. |
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| His political theory of government by the consent of the governed as a means to protect "Life, Liberty, and Estate". |
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| Reports have to reveal their sources when it is a compelling and important reason. |
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| Journalism that is based upon sensationalism and crude exaggeration. News outlets try to get your attention with headlines and topics that are exciting. |
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| A manipulative way to push someone to vote one way or influence voters thinking |
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| Want a larger government. Government plays a much larger role. |
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| Limited government involvement |
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| Respects for rule of law, possibility of meaningful change, asserts the worth of the individual, specific functions of government. |
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| Usually refers to the maximum margin of error for any percentage from that poll. |
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| Classical pluralism is the view that politics and decision making are located mostly in the framework of government, but that many non-governmental groups use their resources to exert influence. The central question for classical pluralism is how power and influence are distributed in a political process. |
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| Error in a statistic analysis arising from the unrepresentativeness of the sample taken. |
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| A poll taken by sampling a cross sections of the public in an effort to predict elections results or to estimate public attitudes on issues. |
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| Helps aid in elections by giving positive information about the candidate. |
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| a market failure that occurs when people take advantage of being able to use a common resource, or collective good, without paying for it, as is the case when citizens of a country utilize public goods without paying their fair share in taxes. (selective incentives) |
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| a group that watches the activities of a particular part of government in order to report illegal acts or problems (ex: Watergate) |
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| Single-Member Plurality System |
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| Doesn't allow small parties to really have a chance at winning, so the small parties tend to lean towards larger parties. |
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| manipulate the boundaries of (an electoral constituency) so as to favor one party or class. |
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| A legislative seat that is likely to be retained with a large majority in an election. |
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| A race without an incumbent. |
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| Incumbent sends letters directly to voter's homes. |
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| Done based on the census. (basically census) |
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| Voters thinking: What have they done for me in the past? |
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| Voters thinking: What promises are they making? What can they do for me in the future? |
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| Voting by racial/ethnic groups |
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| Hispanics and Asians vote less; Whites and Blacks vote more |
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| Low; Reasons: no incentives, low mobilization, less connections. |
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| Have to at least gain 10% in primaries. |
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| Political parties have distinct platforms which they carry out when their members get elected. Coherent and comprehensive platform means effective and accountable parties. |
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| the sum total of government taxing and spending, which determine whether government revenues exceed expenditures. (government, taxes and spending). |
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| The principle that the authority of state and its government is created and sustained by the consent of its people, through their elected representatives, who are the source of all political power. |
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| Diverse economy; cattle, oil, finance |
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| The country’s central bank, which executes monetary policy by manipulating the supply of funds that member banks can lend. |
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| Have to have a census every 10 years. Establishes districts based on the census. |
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| Low taxes, deregulation, low wages (pro business) |
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| Benefits that aren't exactly money, but you can use. Ex: food stamps |
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| Proportional Representation System |
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| Based on the percent of the voters win. |
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| Electoral College and Popular Vote |
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| Even if the candidate has a larger popular vote, the result depends on the electoral college. |
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| Keynes; government should increase spending |
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| Hayes; Tax cuts (Pro Business) |
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| The amount by which annual spending exceeds revenue. |
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| EX: Medicare/Medicaid/Social Security; programs you get when you meet the requirements. |
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| Cause: Greenspan kept the interest rates so low. |
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| Federal reserve in charge of money. |
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| Didn't do due diligence, lumped good loans with bad loans. |
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| They have not worked; they can scapegoat the US for all of their problems. Sanctions gives the Cubans a way out. |
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| A tax structure so that higher-income people pay a larger proportion of their income in taxes than do lower-income people. EX: income tax |
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| Cause: Greenspan kept the interest rates so low. |
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| US agreed to these. Kept the face and identity of the judge hidden for their own safety |
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| US has the right to intervene. |
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| US gave huge amount of money to Colombia (in military aid) to fight FARC. 2000 and on going. |
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| Trying to take out the leader and made it more dispersed and harder to find distributors. |
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| Poverty Programs & elections |
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| Typically the poor don't have the power, so children and the poor don't vote. Making it easy to cut their programs. |
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| If you are not trying to cut down drugs, we will cut your aid. If you are we will continue to aid you. |
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| Reciprocal Trade Agreements Act |
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| Tried to reduce tariffs by 50% from 1934 levels. |
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| Constitution & Political Parties |
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| Constitution says nothing about political parties. |
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| Cracking is diluting and packing is putting them together. |
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