Term
| 1. What does it mean if A is proportional to B? |
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Definition
| If A increases, B increases too (vice versa) |
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Term
| 2. What does it mean if A is inversely proportional to B? |
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Definition
| If B increases, then A will decrease (vice versa) |
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Term
| 3. What 2 things are proportional to renal plasma clearance? |
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Definition
| The concentration of a substance in the urine and the rate of urine production |
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Term
| 4. What is inversely proportional to renal plasma clearance? |
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Definition
| The concentration of a substance in the plasma |
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Term
| 5. What 2 things can be estimated by knowing renal plasma clearance? |
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Definition
| GFR and renal plasma flow |
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Term
| 6. What are you estimating when you use the clearance of a substance that is filtered at the glomerulus and not reabsorbed or secreted? |
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Definition
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Term
| 7. Name a substance that can be injected into the blood and used to estimate GFR. |
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Definition
| Inulin (filtered, not reabsorbed, not secreted) |
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Term
| 8. So, if the inulin is not reabsorbed or secreted by the blood, then the amount of inulin excreted (in urine) per minute is equal to what? |
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Definition
| The amount filtered at the glomerulus (GFR) |
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Term
| 9. What are you estimating when you use the clearance of a substance that is filtered at the glomerulus, not reabsorbed, and IS secreted? |
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Definition
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Term
| 10. Name a substance that can be injected into the blood and used to estimate renal plasma flow. |
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Definition
| Para-aminohippurate (PAH) (filtered, not reabsorbed, is completely secreted) |
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Term
| 11. So, if the PAH filtered is not reabsorbed, and the body completely secretes it out into the filtrate, then the amount of PAH excreted (in urine) per minute is equal to what? |
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Definition
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Term
| 12. What will the clearance be if a substance is completely filtered, not reabsorbed, and not secreted? |
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Definition
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Term
| 13. What will the clearance be if there is a net reabsorption of a substance? |
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Definition
| Clearance will be less than GFR |
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Term
| 14. What will the clearance be if there is a net secretion of a substance? |
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Definition
| Clearance will be greater than GFR |
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Term
| 15. What substance in our body is normally filtered, fully reabsorbed, and not secreted? |
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Definition
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Term
| 16. What substance in our body is normally not filtered, therefor not reabsorbed, and not secreted? |
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Definition
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Term
| 17. What would the normal clearance be for things like glucose and proteins? |
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Definition
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Term
| 18. What will the clearance be if a substance is filtered, not reabsorbed, and is fully secreted? |
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Definition
| Clearance will equal renal plasma flow |
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Term
| 19. What is due to the relationship between the Loop of Henle (juxtamedullary nephron only) and the vasa recta? |
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Definition
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Term
| 20. What does the countercurrent exchanger create? |
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Definition
| Very large medullary osmotic gradient |
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Term
| 21. Is the osmolarity at the cortex-medulla junction high or low? |
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Definition
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Term
| 22. Is the osmolarity deep in the medulla high or low? |
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Definition
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Term
| 23. Is the blood flow in the vasa recta fast or slow and which direction does it go? |
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Definition
| Slow / goes opposite the flow of filtrate in the Loop of Henle |
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Term
| 24. When entering the descending limb of the Loop of Henle, the osmolarity is low, what will leave the descending limb to make the filtrate more concentrated? |
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Definition
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Term
| 25. As water continues to leave the descending limb, what happens to the osmolarity as you go deeper into the medulla? |
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Definition
| The osmolarity increases (more concentrated) |
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Term
| 26. After rounding the Loop of Henle, the filtrate entering into the ascending limb is highly concentrated, since water cannot enter the tubule, what will leave the ascending limb to make the filtrate less concentrated? |
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Definition
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Term
| 27. As the filtrate moves up the ascending limb and solutes are leaving the filtrate, what happens to the osmolarity as you go up towards the cortex? |
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Definition
| The osmolarity decreases (less concentrated) |
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Term
| 28. Does the descending limb help to dilute or concentrate the medullary fluid? |
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Definition
| Helps to concentrate fluid |
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Term
| 29. Does the ascending limb help to dilute or concentrate medullary fluid? |
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Definition
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Term
| 30. In the countercurrent exchanger, what happens to the water pushed out of the descending limb and the electrolytes pushed out of the ascending limb? |
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Definition
| They enter the vasa recta (back into blood) |
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Term
| 31. Which limb of the Loop of Henle is permeable to urea? |
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Definition
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Term
| 32. The process of urea leaving the collecting duct and being picked up in the descending limb will help to do what to the medullary fluid? |
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Definition
| Make it more concentrated |
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Term
| 33. ADH released by the posterior pituitary will cause what 2 parts of the nephron to become more permeable to water? |
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Definition
| Distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct |
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Term
| 34. What is added into the walls of the distal tubule and collecting duct to make them more permeable to water? |
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Definition
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Term
| 35. Does ADH cause more water to be reabsorbed into the blood or secreted out of the blood? |
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Definition
| Reabsorbed into the blood (water moves out of distal tubule and collecting duct) |
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Term
| 36. If ADH promotes the reabsorption of water, does ADH increase or decrease blood osmolarity? |
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Definition
| Decreases blood osmolarity |
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Term
| 37. Would more ADH be released when our blood osmolarity is high or low? |
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Definition
| High (so it can decrease it) |
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Term
| 38. When more ADH is released, water is reabsorbed, so what happens to the osmolarity of the urine? |
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Definition
| Urine osmolarity increases (more concentrated) |
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Term
| 39. If our blood osmolarity is low, would our posterior pituitary release more ADH? |
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Definition
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Term
| 40. If something is highly concentrated (lots of sugar in your Koolaide), is the osmolarity high or low? |
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Definition
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Term
| 41. If something is very dilute (no sugar in your Koolaide), is the osmolarity high or low? |
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Definition
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Term
| 42. Do diuretics cause us to lose or keep more water? |
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Definition
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Term
| 43. Where do loop diuretics (like Lasix) work? |
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Definition
| In ascending limb of loop of Henle |
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Term
| 44. Where do thiazides work? |
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Definition
| In distal convoluted tubule |
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Term
| 45. Where do aldosterone antagonists work? |
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Definition
| In distal convoluted tubule |
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Term
| 46. What do diuretics like loop diuretics and thiazides inhibit the reabsorption of and promote the secretion of? |
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Definition
| Inhibit the reabsorption of Na+ and promote secretion of K+ (water follows solutes so water moves out of blood) |
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Term
| 47. If you inhibit aldosterone, what movement of electrolytes are you inhibiting? |
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Definition
| Inhibit reabsorption of Na+ and inhibit secretion of K+ |
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Term
| 48. Which diuretic is the potassium sparing diuretic? |
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Definition
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Term
| 49. About how much urine do we produce a day? |
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Definition
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Term
| 50. About how much of normal urine is water? |
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Definition
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Term
| 51. What is the normal pH of urine? |
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Definition
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Term
| 52. Is healthy urine sterile? |
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Definition
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Term
| 53. What is another term for urination? |
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Definition
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Term
| 54. What is the term for no urine output? |
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Definition
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Term
| 55. Anuria can be due to what two things? |
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Definition
| Urinary retention or urinary suppression |
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Term
| 56. What is the term for when urine is produced but can't be released due to some obstruction? |
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Definition
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Term
| 57. What is the term for when urine is just not produced by the kidneys? |
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Definition
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Term
| 58. What is the term for decreased urine output? |
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Definition
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Term
| 59. What is the term for excess urine output? |
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Definition
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Term
| 60. What is the term for when urine is expelled painfully? |
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Definition
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Term
| 61. What two conditions might you see with renal disease? |
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Definition
| Oliguria or anuria (urinary suppression) |
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Term
| 62. What type of diabetes would cause polyuria with very dilute urine? |
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Definition
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Term
| 63. What type of diabetes would cause polyuria with very concentrated urine (glucose in urine)? |
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Definition
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