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| two structures located on each side of the lumbar region that filter blood and secrete impurities, forming urine |
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| outer part of the kidney (cortex = bark) |
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| indented opening in the kidney where vessels enter and leave |
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| ducts that carry urine from the nephrons to the renal pelvis (kalyx = cup of a flower) |
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| microscopic functional units of the kidney, comprised of kidney cells and capillaries, each capable of forming urine |
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| little ball-shaped cluster of capillaries located at the top of each nephron |
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| the top part of the nephron that encloses the glomerulus |
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| the stem portion of the nephron |
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| the tube that carries urine from the kidney to the bladder |
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| the basinlike portion of the ureter within the kidney |
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| point of connection between the renal pelvis and ureter |
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| single canal that carries urine to the outside of the body |
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| opening in the urethra to the outside of the body |
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| fluid produced by the kidneys, containing water and waste products |
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| waste product formed in the liver, filtered out of the blood by the kidneys, and excreted in urine |
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| waste product of muscle metabolism, filtered out of the blood by the kidneys and excreted in urine |
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| presence of albumin in the urine, such as occurs in renal disease or in normal urine after heavy exercise |
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| absence of urine formation |
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| presence of bacteria in the urine |
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| involuntary discharge of urine, usually referring to a lack of bladder control |
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| presence of blood in the urine |
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| involuntary discharge of urine or feces |
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| urinary stress incontinence |
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| involuntary discharge of urine with coughing, sneezing, or strained |
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| presence of ketone bodies in the urine |
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| presence of albumin in the urine, such as occurs in renal disease or in normal urine after heavy exercise |
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| acetone, beta-hydroxybutyric acid, and acetoacetic acid are products of metabolism that appear in the urine from the body’s abnormal use of carbohydrates, such as occurs in uncontrolled diabetes or starvation |
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| scanty production of urine |
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| presence of white cells in the urine, usually indicating infection |
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| retention of urine caused by an inability to void (urinate) naturally because of spasm or obstruction |
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| acetone, beta-hydroxybutyric acid, and acetoacetic acid are products of metabolism that appear in the urine from the body’s abnormal use of carbohydrates, such as occurs in uncontrolled diabetes or starvation |
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| form of nephritis involving the glomerulus |
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| pooling of urine in dilated areas of the renal pelvis and calices of one or both kidneys caused by an obstructed outflow of urine |
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| inflammation of the kidney |
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| inflammation of the renal pelvis |
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| degenerative disease of the renal tubules |
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| presence of a renal stone or stones |
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| inflammation of the bladder |
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| inflammation of the urethra |
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| inflammation of the urethra and bladder |
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| narrowed condition of the urethra |
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| excess of urea and other nitrogenous waste in the blood caused by kidney failure |
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| urinary tract infection (UTI) |
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| invasion of pathogenic organisms (commonly bacteria) in the urinary tract, especially the urethra and bladder; symptoms include dysuria, urinary frequency, and malaise |
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| excess of urea and other nitrogenous waste in the blood caused by kidney failure |
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| examination of the bladder using a rigid or flexible cystoscope |
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| removal of kidney tissue for pathologic examination |
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| x-ray studies commonly used in urology |
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| x-rays of the urinary tract taken after an iodine contrast medium is injected into the bloodstream; the contrast passes through the kidney and may reveal an obstruction, evidence of trauma and so on |
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| kidney, ureter, bladder (KUB) |
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| abdominal x-ray of kidney, ureter, and bladder typically used as a scout film before doing an IVP |
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| plain x-ray taken to detect any obvious pathology before further imaging (e.g., a KUB before an IVP) |
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| renal angiogram (arteriogram) |
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| x-ray of the renal artery made after injecting contrast material into a catheter in the artery |
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| removal of kidney tissue for pathologic examination |
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| intravenous pyelogram (IVP) |
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| x-rays of the urinary tract taken after an iodine contrast medium is injected into the bloodstream; the contrast passes through the kidney and may reveal an obstruction, evidence of trauma and so on |
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| retrograde pyelogram (RP) |
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| x-ray of the ureters, bladder, and kidney taken after contrast material is administered backward through a small catheter through a cystoscope to detect the presence of stones, obstruction, and so on |
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| voiding (urinating) cystourethrogram (VCU or VCUG) |
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| x-ray of the bladder and urethra taken during urination |
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| physical, chemical, and microscopic examination of urine |
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| measure of the concentration or dilution of urine |
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| measure of the acidity or alkalinity of urine |
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| chemical test used to detect sugar in the urine; used most often to screen for diabetes |
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| chemical test used to detect the presence of albumin in the urine |
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| chemical test used to detect the presence of ketone bodies in the urine; positive test indicates fats are being used by the body instead of carbohydrates, which occurs in starvation or in an uncontrolled diabetic state |
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| chemical test for the presence of hidden blood in the urine resulting from red blood cell hemolysis; indicates bleeding in the kidneys (occult = hidden) |
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| chemical test used to detect the presence of albumin in the urine |
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| chemical test used to detect bilirubin in the urine; seen in gallbladder and liver disease |
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| chemical test used to detect bile pigment in the urine – increased amounts seen in gall bladder and liver disease |
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| chemical test to determine the presence of bacteria in the urine |
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| microscopic identification of abnormal constituents present in the urine (e.g., red blood cells, white blood cells, and casts); reported per high or low per field (hpf or lpf) |
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| urine culture and sensitivity (C&S) |
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| isolation of a urine specimen in a culture medium to propagate the growth of microorganisms that grow in the culture are identified along with drugs to which they are sensitive |
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| blood urea nitrogen (BUN) |
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| blood test to determine the level of urea in the blood; a high BUN indicates the kidney’s inability to excrete urea |
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| test to determine the level of creatinine in the blood, useful in assessing kidney function |
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| test to determine the level of creatinine in the urine |
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| creatinine clearance testing |
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| measurements of the level of creatinine in the blood and a 24-hour urine specimen to determine the rate that creatinine is “cleared” from the blood by the kidneys |
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| urologic endoscopic surgery |
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| use of specialized endoscopes (e.g., resectoscope) within the urinary tract to perform various surgical procedures such as resection of a tumor, repair of an obstruction, stone retrieval, placement of a stent, and so on |
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| urologic endoscope inserted through the urethra to resect (cut and remove) lesions of the bladder, urethra, or prostate |
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| intracorporeal lithotripsy |
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| method of destroying stones within the urinary tract using electrical energy discharges transmitted to a probe within a flexible endoscope; most commonly used to pulverize bladder stones |
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| suture of an injured kidney |
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| incision into the kidney for the removal of stones |
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| surgical reconstruction of the renal pelvis |
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| use of a device (stent) to hold open vessels or tubes (e.g., an obstructed ureter) |
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| transfer of a kidney from the body of one person (donor) to another |
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| creation of a temporary or permanent diversion of the urinary tract to provide a new passage through which urine exits the body; used to treat defects or disease such as bladder cancer |
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| noncontinent ileal conduit |
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| removal of a portion of the ileum to use as a conduit to which the ureters are attached at one end; the other end is brought through an opening (stoma) created in the abdomen – urine drains continually into an external appliance (bag) |
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| transfer of a kidney from the body of one person (donor) to another |
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| bladder constructed from portions of intestine connected to the urethra, allowing “natural” voiding |
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| an internal reservoir (pouch) constructed from a segment of intestine which diverts urine through an opening (stoma) that is brought through the abdominal wall – a valve is created internally to prevent leakage and the patient empties the pouch by catheterization |
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| bladder constructed from portions of intestine connected to the urethra, allowing “natural” voiding |
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| extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) |
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| procedure using ultrasound outside the body to bombard and disintegrate a stone within; most commonly used to treat urinary stones above the bladder |
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| methods of filtering impurities from the blood, replacing the function of one or both kidneys lost in renal failure |
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| method of removing impurities by pumping the patient’s blood through a dialyzer, the specialized filter of the artificial kidney machine (hemodialyzer) |
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| method of removing impurities using the peritoneum as the filter; a catheter inserted in the peritoneal cavity delivers cleansing fluid (dialysate) that is washed in and out in cycles |
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| drug that kills or inhibits the growth of microorganisms |
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| drug that increases the secretion of urine |
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| extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy |
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| voiding (urinating) cystourethrogram |
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| urine culture and sensitivity |
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