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| two structures located on each side of the lumbar region that filter blood and secrete impurities, forming urine |
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| indented opening in the kidney where vessels enter and leave |
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| ducts that carry urine from the nephrons to the renal pelvis |
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| microscopic functional units of the kidney, comprised of kidney cells and capillaries, each of which is capable of forming urine |
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| small, ball-shaped cluster of capillaries located at the top of each nephron |
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| top part of the nephron that encloses the glomerulus |
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| stem portion of the nephron |
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| tube that carries urine from the kidney to the bladder |
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| basin-like portion of the ureter within the kidney |
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| point of connection between the renal pelvis and the ureter |
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| single canal that carries urine to the outside of the body |
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| opening in the urethra to the outside of the body |
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| fluid produced by the kidneys, containing water and waste products |
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| waste product formed in the liver, filtered out of the blood by the kidneys, and excreted in urine |
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| waste product of muscle metabolism, filtered out of the blood by the kidneys, and excreted in urine |
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| albuminuria or proteinuria |
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| presence of albumin in the urine, such as occurs in renal disease or in normal urine after heavy exercise |
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| absence of urine formation |
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| presence of bacteria in the urine |
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| involuntary discharge of urine, usually referring to a lack of bladder control |
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| glucose (sugar) in the urine |
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| presence of blood in the urine |
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| involuntary discharge of urine or feces |
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| stress urinary incontinence (SUI) |
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| involuntary discharge of urine with coughing, sneezing, and/or strained exercise |
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| presence of ketone bodies in the urine |
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| ketone bodies or ketone compounds |
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| acetone, beta-hydroxybutyric acid, and acetoacetic acid; products of metabolism that appear in the urine from the body's abnormal utilization of carbohydrates, such as occurs in uncontrolled diabetes or starvation |
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| scanty production of urine |
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| condition of excessive urination |
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| presence of white cells in the urine, usually indicating infection |
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| retention of urine resulting from an inability to void (urinate) naturally because of spasm or obstruction |
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| adult polycystic kidney disease (APKD) |
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| inherited condition of multiple cysts that gradually form in the kidney, causing destruction of normal tissue that leads to renal failure; diagnosed in adults presenting with hypertension, kidney enlargement, and recurrent urinary tract infections (UTIs) |
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| form of nephritis involving the glomerulus |
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| pooling of urine in dilated areas of the renal pelvis and calices of one or both kidneys caused by an obstructed outflow of urine |
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| inflammation of the kidney |
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| inflammation of the renal pelvis |
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| degenerative disease of the renal tubules |
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| presence of a renal stone or stones |
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| inflammation of the bladder |
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| inflammation of the urethra |
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| inflammation of the urethra and bladder |
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| narrowed condition of the urethra |
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| urinary tract infection (UTI) |
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| invasion of pathogenic organisms (commonly bacteria) in the urinary tract, especially the urethra and bladder; symptoms include dysuria, urinary frequency, and malaise |
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| excess of urea and other nitrogenous waste in the blood caused by kidney failure |
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| examination of the bladder using a rigid or flexible cystoscope |
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| kidney biopsy (Bx) or renal biopsy (Bx) |
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| removal of kidney tissue for pathologic examination |
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| intravenous pyelogram (IVP) or intravenous urogram (IVU) |
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| x-ray image of the urinary tract obtained after an iodine contrast medium has been injected into the bloodstream; the contrast passes through the kidney and may reveal an obstruction, evidence of trauma, etc. |
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| kidneys, ureters, bladder (KUB) |
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| abdominal x-ray image of the kidneys, ureters, and bladder; typically used as a scout film before obtaining an intravenous pyelogram (IVP) |
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| plain-film x-ray image obtained to detect any obvious pathology before further imaging (ex. a KUB before an IVP) |
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| renal angiogram or renal arteriogram |
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| x-ray image of the renal artery obtained after injecting contrast material into a cathetar in the artery |
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| retrograde pyelogram (RP) or retrograde urogram |
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| x-ray image of the bladder, ureters, and renal pelvis obtained after contrast medium has been injected up to the kidney by way of a small cathetar passed through a cystoscope; used to detect the presence of stones, obstruction, etc. |
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| voiding cystourethrogram (VCU or VCUG) |
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| x-ray image of the bladder and urethra obtained during urination |
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| abdominal ultrasound image of the urinary tract, including the kidney and bladder |
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| physical, chemical, and microscopic examination of urine |
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| measure of the concentration or dilution of urine |
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| measure of the acidity or alkalinity of urine |
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| chemical test used to detect surgar in the urine; most often used to screen for diabetes |
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| chemical test used to detect the presence of albumin in the urine |
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| chemical test used to detect the presence of ketone bodies in the urine; positive test indicates that fats are being used by the body instead of carbohydrates, which occurs during starvation or an uncontrolled diabetic state |
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| chemical test for the presence of hidden blood in the urine resulting from red blood cell hemolysis; indicates bleeding in the kidneys |
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| chemical test used to detect bilirubin in the urine; seen in gallbladder and liver disease |
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| chemical test used to detect bile pigment in the urine; increased amounts are seen in gallbladder and liver disease |
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| chemical test to determine the presence of bacteria in the urine |
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| microscopic identification of abnormal constituents in the urine (ex.red blood cells, white blood cells, and casts); reported per high- or low-power field (hpf or lpf, respectively) |
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| urine culture and sensitivity (C&S) |
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| isolation of a urine specimen in a culture medium to propagate the growth of microorganisms; organisms that grow in the culture are identified, as are drugs to which they are sensitive |
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| blood urea nitrogen (BUN) |
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| blood test to determine the level of urea in the blood; a high BUN indicates the inability of one or both kidneys to excrete urea |
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| test to determine the level of creatinine in the blood; useful in assessing kidney function |
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| test to determine the level of creatinine in the urine |
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| creatinine clearance testing |
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| measurements of the level of creatinine in the blood and in a 24-hour urine specimen to determine the rate at which creatinine is "cleared" from the blood by the kidneys |
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| urologic endoscopic surgery |
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| use of specialized endocscopes (ex. resectoscope) within the urinary tract to perform various surgical procedures, such as resection of a tumor, repair of an obstruction, stone retrieval, placement of a stent, etc. |
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| urologic endoscope inserted through the urethra to resect (cut and remove) lesions of the bladder, urethra, or prostate |
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| intracorporeal lithotripsy |
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| method of destroying stones within the urinary tract using discharges of electrical energy that are transmitted to a probe within a flexible endoscope; most commonly used to pulverize bladder stones |
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| suture of an injured kidney |
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| incision into the kidney for the removal of stones |
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| surgical reconstruction of the renal pelvis |
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| use of a device (stent) to hold open vessels or tubes (ex. and obstructed ureter) |
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| kidney transplantation or renal transplantation |
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| transfer of a kidney from the body of one person (donor) to another (recipient) |
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| creation of a temporary or permanent diversion of the urinary tract to provide a new passage through which urine exits the body; used to treat defects or diseases (ex. bladder cancer) |
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| noncontinent ileal conduit |
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| removal of a portion of the ileum to use as a conduit to which the ureters are attached at one end; the other end is brought through an opening (stoma) created in the abdomen; urine drains continually into an external appliance (bag); noncontinent indicates that urine cannot be held and drains continually |
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| an internal reservoir (pouch) constructed from a segment of intestine that diverts urine through an opening (stoma) that is brought through the abdominal wall; a valve is created internally to prevent leakage, and the patient empties the pouch by catheterization; continent refers to the ability to hold or retain urine |
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| orthotopic bladder or neobladder |
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| bladder constructed from portions of intestine connected to the urethra, allowing "natural" voiding |
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| extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) |
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| procedure using ultrasound outside the body to bombard and disintegrate a stone within; most commonly used to treat urinary stones above the bladder |
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| methods of filtering impurities from the blood, replacing the function of one or both kidneys lost in renal failure |
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| method of removing impurities by pumping the patient's blood through a dialyzer, the specialized filter of the artificial kidney machine (hemodialyzer) |
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| method of removing impurities using the peritoneum as the filter; a cathetar inserted in the peritoneal cavity delivers cleansing fluid (dialysate) that is washed in and out in cycles |
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| methods of placing a tube into the bladder to drain or collect urine |
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| a type of catheter that is inserted through the urethra into the bladder to relieve urinary retention or to collect a sterile specimen of urine for testing; the catheter is removed immediately after the procedure |
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| indwelling catheter inserted through the urethra and into the bladder that includes a collection system allowing urine to be drained into a bag; the catheter can remain in place for an extended period |
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| indwelling catheter inserted directly in the bladder through an abdominal incision above the pubic bone that includes a collection system that allows urine to be drained into a bag; used in patients requiring long-term catheterization |
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| drug that kills or inhibits the growth of microorganisms |
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| drug that increases the secretion of urine |
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| adult polycystic kidney disease |
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| extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy |
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| kidneys, ureters, bladder |
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| stress urinary incontinence |
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