Term
| Three categories of renal cysts |
|
Definition
1. acquired
2. inherited/congenital
3. developmental |
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|
Term
| Simple and non-simple cysts belong to which renal cyst category? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Cysts that are inflammatory, hemorrhagic, or septated belong to which: simple or non-simple? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Simple renal cysts are rare. True or False? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Simple renal cysts are seen more commonly over what age? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What part of the kidney are simple cysts usually located? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| What is a renal sinus cyst that does not connect with the collecting system called? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| When scanning a parapelvic cyst, you should use Doppler to rule out what pathology with a similar appearance? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is a parapelvic cyst simple or non-simple? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| A parapelvic cyst will always have smooth borders. True or False? |
|
Definition
| False. Parapelvic cysts can have irregular borders with a hydro-cauliflower appearance. |
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|
Term
| A renal cyst that can have septations, low-level echoes, hemorrhage, inflammation, and/or infection. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| When echoes are seen within a renal cyst, the echoes should be seen in two views to rule out what? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Patients with ___________ have increased risk of non-simple cysts and calcifations of these cysts. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| It is possible for a non-simple cyst to be malignant. True or False. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A kissing cyst is simple or non-simple? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Dysplastic cystic dilation of medullary and papillary portion of collecting tubules |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the two main complications of medullary sponge kidney? |
|
Definition
1. stone formation
2. infections |
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|
Term
| Medullary sponge kidney is seen mainly in what age group? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What area of the kidney appears abnormally echogenic in a patient with medullary sponge kidney? |
|
Definition
| The pyramids, due to reflections from microscopic cysts. |
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|
Term
| Patients with medullary sponge kidney often have what other pathology? |
|
Definition
| Medullary nephrocalcinosis |
|
|
Term
| Inherited disorder of elastic connective tissue |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What pathology is associated with parathyroid adenoma, Caroli's disease, and Ehler-Danlos syndrome? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is medullary sponge kidney acquired or inherited? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Autosomal-recessive disease in which fetus has large echogenic kidney due to multiple small cysts |
|
Definition
| infantile polycystic renal disease |
|
|
Term
| What causes the cysts in infantile polycystic disease? |
|
Definition
| abnormal proliferation and dilation of renal tubules |
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|
Term
| Infantile polycystic renal disease is associated with what other pathology? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Autosomal-dominant inherited cystic disease, bilateral but not fatal |
|
Definition
| adult polycystic kidney disease |
|
|
Term
| Cysts may be seen in what three other organs in patients with ADPKD? |
|
Definition
1. liver
2. pancreas
3. spleen |
|
|
Term
| Patients with ADPKD have increased risk of what type of aneurysm? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Sonographic appearance of ADPKD |
|
Definition
1.enlarged kidneys with multiple cysts
2. loss of renal shape
3. calcifications
4. no renal parenchyma in late stage |
|
|
Term
| True or False. ADPKD can lead to hypertension, then to renal failure. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What makes Von Hippel-Lindau disease different from ADPKD? |
|
Definition
1. bilateral cysts AND masses
2. increased chance of carcinoma |
|
|
Term
| Acquired cystic kidney disease develops in what type of patients? |
|
Definition
| renal failure patients receiving dialysis |
|
|
Term
| Patients with acquired cystic kidney disease have an increased risk of what type of cancer? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cysts in ACKD can appear in what two areas of the kidney? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| True or False. It is common for cysts to hemorrhage in ACKD. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Sonographically, what makes tuberous sclerosis different from ADPKD? |
|
Definition
| multiple renal cysts AND angiolipomas |
|
|
Term
| Tuberous sclerosis is closely associated with what three conditions? |
|
Definition
1. mental retardation
2. seizures
3. cutaneous lesions |
|
|
Term
| Autosomal dominant medullary cystic disease has an onset in what general age group? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Autosomal recessive medullary cystic disease has an onset in what general age group? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Inherited cystic disease that rapidly progresses with uremia and death |
|
Definition
| autosomal dominant medullary cystic disease |
|
|
Term
| What disease is marked by salt loss, anemia, polyuria, and azotemia? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| uremia toxic substance not removed by kidney |
|
|
Term
| What do endstage medullary cystic diseased kidneys look like? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Most common palpable abdominal mass in neonates |
|
Definition
| multicystic dysplastic kidney |
|
|
Term
| Most common childhood renal cystic disease |
|
Definition
| multicystic dysplastic kidney |
|
|
Term
| Is multicystic dysplastic kidney acquired, inherited, or developmental? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Sonographically, the largest cyst in a patient with MDKD is located where? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Sonographically: large kidneys with multiple cysts of different sizes in children and infants. |
|
Definition
| multicystic dysplastic kidney disease |
|
|
Term
| What is the only way that a baby can survive with a multicystic dysplastic kidney? |
|
Definition
| The baby must have one functioning kidney. |
|
|
Term
| What happens to a multicystic dysplastic kidney in an adult? |
|
Definition
| The diseased kidney becomes small and calcified. |
|
|
Term
| What is the appearance of the ureter of a multicystic dysplastic kidney? |
|
Definition
| A multicystic dysplastic kidney does not have a ureter. |
|
|
Term
| What developmental disease is associated with medullary sponge kidney, hyperparathyroidism, sarcoidosis, Cushing's syndrome, ACTH therapy, steroid use, malignant neoplasm, and Lesch-Nyhan syndrome? |
|
Definition
| medullary nephrocalcinosis |
|
|
Term
| Calcium in medullary pyramids, with or without shadowing. |
|
Definition
| medullary nephrocalcinosis |
|
|
Term
| What are the four malignant tumors of the kidney? |
|
Definition
| 1. RCC 2. Wilm's Tumor 3. Transitional cell carcinoma 4. metastasis |
|
|
Term
| What are two other names for renal cell carcinoma? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Most common renal carcinoma |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 70 year old man complains of flank pain, blood in the urine, and a palpable mass. Ultrasound shows a mass in the right kidney. Diagnosis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What malignancy of the kidney is associated with Von-Hippel Lindau disease? |
|
Definition
| renal cell carcinoma (RCC, hypernephroma) |
|
|
Term
| What is a common sonographic appearance to RCC? |
|
Definition
| hyperechoic rim or calcification to the mass |
|
|
Term
| What makes RCC look complex on an ultrasound? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| At what size does RCC look echogenic? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What three places should you check for extension of a hypernephroma? |
|
Definition
| 1. renal veins 2. IVC 3. rt. atrium |
|
|
Term
| When using color and Doppler, what type of flow does RCC have? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are two things that help to diagnose RCC when it is isoechoic to the kidney? |
|
Definition
| 1. hydronephrosis 2. lack of sinus in the mass |
|
|
Term
| What is the most common tumor of the renal collecting system? |
|
Definition
| transitional cell carcinoma |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The main early symptom of TCC. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What echogenicities does TCC appear? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of patients have increased risk for developing TCC? |
|
Definition
| 1. patients with vesicoureteral reflux 2.heavy smokers 3. exposure to carcinogens 4. treated with cyclophosphamide |
|
|
Term
| Where is metastasis common from (7 places)? |
|
Definition
| lymphoma, lungs, breast, choriocarcinoma, sarcomas, colon, and melanomas |
|
|
Term
| Where does renal lymphoma spread from? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What renal symptoms does non-Hodgkin's lymphoma produce? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the most common renal tumor in children ages 1-8? |
|
Definition
| Wilm's tumor (nephroblastoma) |
|
|
Term
| What malignancy is associated with Beckwith Weidmann syndrome? |
|
Definition
| Wilm's Tumor (nephroblastoma) |
|
|
Term
| What does Wilm's tumor usually look like? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What three places can Wilm's tumor metastasize to? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Wilm's tumor is commonly confused with what? |
|
Definition
| neuroblastoma of the adrenal glands |
|
|
Term
| What is the most common cortical mass? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Benign counterpart of RCC |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A large adenoma more common in men |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Sonographic marker of oncocytoma |
|
Definition
| stellate scarring, spoke wheel pattern (from hemorrhage and necrosis) |
|
|
Term
| Benign counterpart of Wilm's Tumor. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Most common solid kidney mass in neonate. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| True or False. Calcifications are usually seen in mesoblastic nephroma. |
|
Definition
| False. Cystic degeneration is seen. |
|
|
Term
| Angiomyolipoma is common... |
|
Definition
| in women 40-60, in the right kidney |
|
|
Term
| How do you differentiate angiomyolipoma from sinus? |
|
Definition
| sinus is not well-defined |
|
|
Term
| In children with tuberous sclerosis, how does angiomyolipoma appear? |
|
Definition
| multiple, bilateral masses |
|
|
Term
| What is another name for angiomyolipoma? |
|
Definition
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