Production of abnormal small amounts of urine 

Less than 100 m/L

Usually because of dehydration, enlargement of prostate 

Failure of kidneys to produce urine 

Usually caused by kidney stones or tumors

Male 0.6-1.2

Women 0.5-1.1 

Painful or difficult urination 

Usually bc of infection 

Otitis Media 

(BUN)

Blood Urea Nitrogen 

sexually active women

diaphragm birthcontrol 

pre-menopause women

indwelling catherter

diabetes people

older adults  

Transmission of UTI 

Kidney stones, 

tumors which obstruct the normal flow of urine 

used to trat bladder and urethral pain, burning, and increased urination 

Turns pee orange 

loss of elasticity in bladder wall

in women: loss of abdominal and perineal muscle due to child birth

in men: prostate gland

bladder infections 

leaking urine 

Can't hold

Usually bc of UTI and medications like diuretics

once every hour or two 

abnormally frequent 

kidney damage 

dehydration 

dehydration 

kidney damage 

excessive water loss 

liver disease 

obtain a sterile urine specimen 

drain bladder for surgical or diagnostic 

urinary retention

measured DVR

protect outer skin from urine

reduce movement for dying patients 

Backpain

Bladder spasms

Dysuria

foul smelling urine

pyuria (burning)

urinary frequency 

fever

most commonly used lab test

used to diagnose renal, hepatic, and other diseases

direct visualization of urinary tract 

for biopsies 

radiopause contrast medium to visualize urinary tract

injection in catheter 

functional

reflex

stress

urge