Term
| The excretory role of the urinary system is to remove waste products from the blood and excess water through the process of _______, also called _______. |
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Definition
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Term
| The urinary system has five main functions; excretion of excess H2O and minerals/waste, regulation of BP and blood volume, regulation of ionic composition of blood, regulation of pH (concentration of H+ molecules), and production of hormones |
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Definition
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Term
| Paired organs that drain the kidney are _______ |
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Definition
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Term
| temporary storage for urine _______ |
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Definition
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Term
| paired organs that filter blood, regulate stuff, and produce urine are _______ |
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Definition
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Term
| responsible for draining the bladder and voiding urine from the body _______ |
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Definition
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Term
| This organ of the urinary system lies behind the abdominal cavity and has no serous membrane _______ |
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Definition
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Term
| The kidneys are covered externally by three layers of connective tissue. The _______ _______ is the layer of fibrous CT that covers the organ itself. The _______ capsule is a layer made up of adipose tissue. The _______ _______ is the outermost layer of fibrous CT that anchors the kidney to surrounding structures. |
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Definition
| renal capsule, adipose, renal fascia |
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Term
| The kidney is divided into two internal regions: the _______ is the superficial layer and the _______ is deep and more dense, appearing darker. |
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Definition
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Term
| The kidney is divided into 8-18 triangular sections, each called a _______ _______. the base of each is adjacent to the cortex, and the "tip" of each pyramid (renal _______) empties into a small chute, called a _______ _______. these "small chutes" empty into larger ones, the _______ _________ (there are about 4-5 of these). |
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Definition
| renal pyramid, papilla, minor calyx, major calyx |
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Term
| each major calyx empties into the ______ ______ which in turn empties into the ______. each renal pyramid is separated from the other by a column of cortical tissue, called a _______ _______. |
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Definition
| renal pelvis, ureter, renal column |
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Term
| T/F There are several sphincters and valves in the kidney. |
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Definition
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Term
| supplies the kidney with O2 rich blood _______ _______ |
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Definition
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Term
| renal arteries, renal veins, renal nerves, and the ureter enter and exit the kidney at an indentation called the _______ |
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Definition
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Term
blood enters the kidney via the ________ ________. diagram blood flow to the kidneys in order:
ARCUATE ARTERY
NEPHRON
AFFERENT ARTERIOLES
SEGMENTAL ARTERIES
INTERLOBULAR CORTICAL RADIATE ARTERIES
INTERLOBAR ARTERIES
EFFERENT VENULE
ARCUATE VEIN
INTERLOBAR VEINS
INTERLOBULAR VEINS
RENAL VEINS |
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Definition
renal artery
SEGMENTAL ARTERIES
INTERLOBAR ARTERIES
ARCUATE ARTERIES
INTERLOBULAR CORTICAL RADIATE ARTERIES
AFFERENT ARTERIOLES
NEPHRON
EFFERENT VENULE
INTERLOBULAR VEINS
ARCUATE VEINS
INTERLOBAR VEIN
RENAL VEINS |
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Term
| The functional unit of a kidney is called a ________. It's job is to filter blood, adjust H2O ions, and produce urine. |
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Definition
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Term
| There are two types of nephrons. the ________ nephron is a longer, deeper nephron that extends deep into the medulla. the _______ nephron is smaller and shorter. most of it is located in the renal cortex. |
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Definition
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Term
| C shaped beginning of a nephron that consists of a network of capillaries called the glomerulus and a cup shaped part that surrounds the capillaries called the Bowman's capsule (AKA glomerular capsule): ________ ________ |
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Definition
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Term
| The glomerular capsule has two parts: an inner _______ epithelium, which covers the glomerulus, and an outer ________ epithelium, which forms the capsule part. the space between the two layers is called the ________ ________. |
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Definition
| visceral, parietal, capsular space |
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Term
| As blood enters the glomerulus, it is pushed through the capillary walls into the capsular space. when the fluid enters this space, it is now called _______. from the capsular space, the fluid enters the renal tubule. |
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Definition
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Term
| Reabsorption and ________ of bad stuff occurs at the renal tubule. |
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Definition
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Term
| The renal tubule is divided into three segments: ________, ________, and ________ |
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Definition
| Proximal convoluted tubule (PCT), loop of Henle (nephron loop), Distal convoluted tubule (DCT) |
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Term
| The beginning of the renal tubule where the majority of reabsorption occurs is called the ________ ________ ________. It is lined with simple cuboidal epithelium containing tons of microvilli making it specialized for reabsorption. |
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Definition
| Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT) |
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Term
| The second segment of the renal tubule is a long, straight section that dips into the medulla. H20 and Na2+ regulation occur here. ________ ________ |
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Definition
| Nephron loop (AKA loop of henle) |
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Term
| the nephron loop is divided into two sections: ________ and _________ limbs. |
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Definition
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Term
| This segment of the renal tubule is lined with simple cuboidal epithelium, but no microvilli. Very little absorption occurs here, however this segment is responsible for secretion. ________ ________ ________ |
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Definition
| Distal convoluted tubule (DCT) |
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Term
| There is a small group of cells in the DCT called the __________ __________, a group of chemoreceptors. |
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Definition
| juxtaglomerular apparatus (JXA) |
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Term
| The DCT drains into the ________ ________. when the filtrate enters this duct, it is now called ________. |
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Definition
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Term
| The collecting duct is drained into the ________ duct, which drains into a minor calyx. |
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Definition
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Term
| In the last part of the DCT and the collecting system, we find simple cuboidal epithelium with two other cell types scattered in: ________ cells, and ________ cells. |
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Definition
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Term
| These cells, located in the epithelium of the DCT/collecting duct, contain receptors for the hormones ADH and aldosterone, which trigger adjustments in the permeability of the duct: ________ cells |
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Definition
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Term
| These cells, located in the epithelium of the DCT/collecting duct, contain receptors for H+ ions and are involved in regulating the pH of the urine: __________ cells |
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Definition
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Term
| Three steps to urine formation are filtration, __________, and secretion. |
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Definition
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Term
| The first step to urine formation is __________. water and most of the solutes move across a ___________ membrane, whoch produces the filtrate. Blood cells and larger molecules cannot pass thru this membrane. They exit the glomerulus via the ___________ arteriole, which wraps around the nephron as the peritubular capillaries. |
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Definition
| filtration, filtration, efferent |
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Term
| The second step to urine formation is __________. as the filtraste passes thru the __________ __________, most of the good stuff (H2O, needed minerals and ions) is REabsorbed. (moves from the tubule into peritubular capillaries) |
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Definition
| reabsorption, renal tubule |
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Term
| The third step to urine formation is __________. substances that did not make it into the filtrate can be secreted into the renal tubule for excretion, also any adjustments to the filtrate can be made here. Secretions travel through the peritubular capillaries into the tubule. |
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Definition
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Term
| Filtration occurs across a filtration membrane, which has two layers: the __________ is the name of the glomerulus' epithelium. it is simple squamous with gaps between the cells (fenestrated). the __________ epithelium of the bowman's capsule is the second layer. It is simple squamous with the addition of specialized cells called __________. these cells have slender extensions called __________ that slip in-between the squamous cells, pull them apart, and create filtration slits. |
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Definition
| endothelium, visceral, podocytes, pedicels |
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Term
| Glomerular filtration depends on 3 main pressures: __________, __________, and __________. |
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Definition
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Term
| pressure of blood in the glomerulus. this force is created by blood volume and heart beat, causes filtration by forcing blood through the filtration membrane: __________ (value: __________) |
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Definition
| glomerular blood hydrostatic pressure (GBHP), 55mm/Hg |
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Term
| pressure created by filtrate in capsular space (and beginning of renal tubule). opposes filtration by pushing back on the blood inside the glomerulus: __________ (value: __________) |
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Definition
| capsular hydrostatic pressure (CHP), 15mm/Hg |
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Term
| osmotic pressure of blood in the glomerulus, created by ammount of solutes in the blood. opposes filtration: __________ (value: __________) |
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Definition
| blood colloid osmotic pressure (BCOP), 30 mm/Hg |
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Term
| H2O travels to areas of higher __________, which is why it always wants to move back into the glomerulus, opposing filtration. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| GBHP - (CHP + BCOP) {10 mm/Hg considered optimal pressure} |
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Term
| oppose pressure of GBHP: __________ and __________ |
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Definition
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Term
| the function of __________ is to recover useful materials from the filtrate. the function of __________ is to remove waste from peritubular capillaries into the tubule. |
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Definition
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Term
| main site for H2O and mineral/solute reabsorption: __________ |
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Definition
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Term
| limb of the nephron loop only permeable to H2O: __________ limb |
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Definition
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Term
| limb of nephron loop only permeable to Na+ and Cl- ions: __________ limb |
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Definition
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Term
| filtrate gets concentrated in the __________ ___________ (gets all the good stuff out) |
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Definition
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Term
| filtrate in is (more/less) concentrated in the DCT than in the PCT. |
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Definition
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Term
| the __________ is impermeable to H2O and solutes. Permeability can be changed under __________ control. |
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Definition
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Term
| the amount of filtrate produced bythe kidneys per minute is called the __________ __________ __________. |
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Definition
| glomerular filtration rate, (GFR) |
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Term
| RAA system is activated when BP in the glomerulus (increases/decreases) and blood volume (increases/decreses). this causes a drop in GFR, which is bad! |
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Definition
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Term
| When GFR decreases,cells in the JXA secrete __________, which acts on angiotensinogen (plasma protein in the blood), and converts it into angiotensin I. |
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Definition
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Term
| Angiotensin I is converted to angiotensin II by __________ __________ __________ (a plasma protein). AII sets off multiple responses that will lead to an (increase/decrease) in BP. |
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Definition
| angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE), increase |
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Term
| AII causes vaso(constriction/dilation) of blood vessels. it also targets __________ centers in the hypothalamus which makes you take in more H2O, helping to raise BP. it stimulates secretion of __________ to increase H2O reabsorption in the kidneys. |
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Definition
| constriction, thirst, ADH |
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Term
| AII targets the adrenal gland, causing the secretion of __________, which targets the DCT and CD and increases Na+ reabsorption. H2O always follows Na+, so when Na+ increases, H2O will increase which will raise BV and subsequently BP |
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Definition
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Term
| AND and BNP are secreted when there is an increase in BV and BP. they target BV, causing vaso(constriction/dilation). they also target PCT and Nephron loop to decrease H2O reabsorption so water remains in the nephron, increases urine production. * |
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Definition
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Term
| 85% of water reabsorption occurs by osmosis in the PCT and descending limb of Henle, and by the reabsorptionof Na+ in the DCT and collecting duct. this is not adjustable, is called __________ __________ __________ |
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Definition
| obligatory H2O reabsorption |
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Term
| 15% of water reabsorption can be controlled by a hormone acting on the DCT and collecting ducts. this is called a __________ __________ __________. the hormone is called __________ |
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Definition
| faculatative H2O reabsorption, ADH |
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Term
| ADH targets special H2O channels in DCT and CD called _________ |
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Definition
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Term
| ADH opens __________ and changes permeability of the section of the tubule, so that H2O may now leave. |
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Definition
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