Term
| Which part of the kidney consists of the glomerular portions of the nephron and the proximal and distal convoluted tubules? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| what are the two anatomical portions of the kidney? |
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Definition
| outer cortex and central medulla |
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Term
| Which part of the kidney consists of the Loop of Henle and the collecting tubes? |
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Definition
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Term
| About how much blood flows through the kidneys per minute? |
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Definition
| 1200 mL or about 1/4 of the total blood volume |
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Term
| blood enters the kidney through which blood vessel? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Through what blood vessels does blood leave the glomerulus? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Through what blood vessels does blood enter the glomerular tuft? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| what is the functional unit of the kidney? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| what are the two parts of the nephron? |
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Definition
| the glomerulus and the renal tubules |
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Term
|
Definition
| coil of capillary vessels |
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Term
| The Bowman's capsule, proximal convoluted tubule, Loop of Henle, distal convoluted tubule, and collecting tubule are all what? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the 5 main functions of the kidney? |
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Definition
| removal of waste, retention of nutrients, water and electrolyte balance, acid-base balance, hormone synthesis |
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Term
| What nutrients is the kidney responsible for retaining? |
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Definition
| electrolytes, protein, water, and glucose |
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Term
| What organ produces hormones? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Where does urine formation begin? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| what part of the kidney serves as a filter, and delivers blood to the nephron? |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe the selective permeability of the glomerular basement membrane. |
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Definition
| Allows free passage of water and electrolytes, but it's impermeable to proteins and lipids. |
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Term
| Describe the hydrostatic pressure in the capillaries of the glomerulus? |
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Definition
| Three times greater than other capillaries of the body |
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Term
| What part of the kidney serves as a funnel connecting the glomerulus to the proximal convoluted tubule? |
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Definition
| Glomerular (Bowman's) capsule |
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Term
| At what rate are substances filtered through the Bowman's capsule? |
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Glomerular filtration rate- the rate at which substances are filtered through the Bowman's capsule. About 120 mL/min |
|
|
Term
| What is the specific gravity of glomerular filtrate? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What is glomerular filtrate? |
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Definition
| the fluid that passes through the Bowman's capsule membrane. consists of blood plasma without proteins and blood cells |
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|
Term
| What is the pH of glomerular filtrate? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| How much glomerular filtrate is produced daily? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| how much urine is eliminated from the body daily? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What happens to most of the glomerular filtrate that is produced? |
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Definition
| it's reabsorbed back into the bloodstream. |
|
|
Term
| What is the name for the area of the nephron where reabsorption begins? |
|
Definition
| proximal convoluted tubule |
|
|
Term
| What percent of the water and soluble nutrients filtered by the glomerulus are reabsorbed in the nephron? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is the site of active secretion of hydrogen ions, ammonia, phosphate, organic acids, and penicillin? |
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Definition
| proximal convoluted tubule |
|
|
Term
| What is the 'renal plasma threshold'? |
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Definition
| The concentration of an analyte that can be completely reabsorbed from the glomerular filtrate. Differs with each analyte. |
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|
Term
| What is the renal plasma threshold for glucose? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What happens if the plasma concentration of an analyte exceeds its renal plasma threshold? |
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Definition
| Thue analyte remains in the glomerular filtrate and is excreted in the urine |
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|
Term
| What are two reasons why a substance would be present in the urine that isn't normally present? |
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Definition
| excess solute filtration (renal plasma threshold exceeded) or renal tubular damage. |
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|
Term
| If glucose is present in the urine, and the plasma glucose is greater than the renal threshold, what is indicated? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| If glucose is present in the urine and the plasma concentration of glucose does not exceed the renal threshold, what is indicated? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the Loops of Henle? |
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Definition
| to reduce the volume of urine while reabsorbing or recovering sodium and chloride. |
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Term
| Which portion of the loop of henle is the concentrating portion, which is permeable to water but not solutes? |
|
Definition
| the descending loop of henle |
|
|
Term
| which portion of the loop of henle is the diluting portion, which reabsorbs sodium and chloride but is impermeable to water? |
|
Definition
| the ascending loop of henle |
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|
Term
| what are the two main functions of the distal convoluted tubule? |
|
Definition
| final reabsorption of sodium, and removal of excess acid |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a hormone that controls sodium reabsorption in the distal tubule |
|
|
Term
| where is aldosterone produced? |
|
Definition
| the adrenal cortex of the kidney |
|
|
Term
| what is the system called which controls the flow of blood to and within the kidney, and responds to changes in blood pressure and plasma sodium? |
|
Definition
| the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. |
|
|
Term
| what is the final concentration site of urine? |
|
Definition
| the collectiong duct/tubule |
|
|
Term
| What hormone controls the reabsorption of water in the collecting duct? |
|
Definition
| antidiuretic hormone or vasopressin |
|
|
Term
| Is water permeability increased or decreased in the presence of ADH? |
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Definition
| water permeability is increased, to reabsorb more water. |
|
|
Term
| Would dehydration cause more or less ADH to be produced? |
|
Definition
| More ADH, to increase reabsorption of water. |
|
|
Term
| What is the effect of nicotine on ADH production? |
|
Definition
| nicotine increases ADH production, causing a smaller volume of more concentrated urine. |
|
|
Term
| What is the effect of ethanol on ADH production? |
|
Definition
| ethanol decreases ADH production, resulting in a higher volume of dilute urine. |
|
|
Term
| What is the effect of diabetes insipidus on ADH production and urine volume? |
|
Definition
| deficiency of ADH- increased volume of dilute urine |
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What happens to urea and creatinine concentrations in serum when urine formation or elimination is impaired? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What substance accounts for about one half of the dissolved substances in urine? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where does urea come from? |
|
Definition
| it's the major end product of protein catabolism |
|
|
Term
| what is another name for the serum urea concentration? |
|
Definition
| blood urea nitrogen (BUN) |
|
|
Term
| How do you convert BUN to urea? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is a normal range for BUN with normal protein intake? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is it called when you have a significant increase in NPN's in the plasma, usually due to urea and creatinine, with a slight elevation of BUN? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is it called when you have nausea, vomiting, anemia, acidosis and coma, with an elevated BUN of 100-200 mg/dL? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| The precipitation of crystals of uric acid in tissues and joints causes what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Increased uric acid in the urine can cause what to form? |
|
Definition
| renal calculi or kidney stones |
|
|
Term
| excretion of which analyte is related to the muscle mass of the body? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is indicated by an increase in blood creatinine? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How much of filtered amino acids end up in the urine? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which glomerular filtration test measures the rate at which the kidneys are able to remove a filterable substance from the blood? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is exogenous testing? |
|
Definition
| clearance testing in which the substance tested is introduced from outside the body |
|
|
Term
| what is endogenous testing? |
|
Definition
| clearance test in which the substance is present within the body. |
|
|
Term
| which analyte is used in most laboratories to measure the glomerular filtration rate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the calculation for creatinine clearance? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What units is volume of urine measured in when calculating creatinine clearance? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What two factors determine the glomerular filtration rate? |
|
Definition
| number of functioning nephrons and functional capacity of nephrons |
|
|
Term
| What formula is used for creatinine clearance when the patient deviates from the normal body surface area? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the two alternate GFR/renal function tests? |
|
Definition
| Cystatin C and B2 Microglobulin |
|
|
Term
| What test should be used to determine GFR in a patient who is pediatric, elderly, diabetic or critically ill? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the main disadvantage of using B2 microglobulin to measure GFR? |
|
Definition
| many sources of false positives: autoimmune, viral, inflammatory, multiple myeloma, hemodialysis, and corticosteroid medications |
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