Shared Flashcard Set

Details

Urinalysis
http://www.patient.co.uk/doctor/urine-dipstick-analysis, and Potter & Perry's fundamentals
31
Nursing
Undergraduate 2
05/18/2014

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Cards

Term
what 2 conditions can a positive urinalysis reading of bilirubin indicate
Definition
obstructive jaudice and hepatitis
Term
normal colour of urine
Definition
colourless- dark yellow
Term
normal urine pH
Definition
4.5 - 8, commonly acidic (~5)
Term
2 causes of low pH
Definition

diet ie.acidic foods like fruit 

 

uric acid calculi 

Term
what 3 conditions may alkaline pH in urine signfy?
Definition

(apart from type I renal tubular acidosis) often urinary pH reflects blood pH.

 

Alkaline urinary pH is seen in the initial stages of type II renal tubular acidosis

 

with infection of urease-splitting organisms

 

and can be associated with stag-horn calculi

Term
what can presence of red blood cells signify in urinalysis
Definition

glomeruli or tubules damage may allow RBC to enter urine. 

 

other: trauma, disease, surgery of lower urinary tract, menstrual bleeding

Term
what can presence of glucose signify in urinalysis and rationale
Definition
diabetes and in healthy individuals large ingestion of glucose intake: tubules are unable to reabsorb high concentration of glucose when the body does not use it all
Term
name 4 conditions that urinalysis may signify when the presence of ketone is identified
Definition
poor management of diabetes mellitus, dehydration, starvation, excessive aspirin usage
Term
what does the presence of nitrates signify in urinalysis
Definition

UTI: nitrates are produced by some bacteria.

 

*negative test does not always rule out infection ie. not all organisms produce nitrates

Term
what does the presence of lecocytes in urinalysis identify?
Definition
UTI: presence of WBC combined with positive nitrate reading has a 74% accuracy in detecting UTI
Term
what does the presence of proteins in urinalysis signify?
Definition
renal disease: in normal physiology, the fenestrae of the glomulerus is too small to allow large protein molecules to enter.
Term
what is specific graivity
Definition

the measure of the concentration of particles in urine ie. high=high conc.

low=low conc.

 

Term
3 conditions that high specific graivity levels may indicate in urinalysis
Definition
dehydration, reduced renal blood flow and increased antidiuretic hormone (ADH) secretion
Term
4 conditions that the presence of urobilinogen can suggest?
Definition
cirrhosis (liver scarring), chronic hepatitis failure, hepatitis, hyperthyroidism
Term
indication of kidney failure (observation)
Definition
freshly voided urine is cloudy or foamy because of high protein conc.
Term
Causes of cloudy urine sample
Definition
high protein conc signifying renal disease, bacteria
Term
dark-amber urine
Definition
may be the result of high bilirubin concentrations caused by liver dysfunction
Term
observation of dark-red or tea coloured urine
Definition
bleeding from kidneys or ureters
Term
observation of bright red urine
Definition
bleeding from bladder or urethra
Term
polyuria litre/day
Definition
>2000-2500 mL / day
Term
low amount to be of concern in catheter drainage
Definition
hourly output <0.5mL/kg for more than 2 hours
Term
normal adult daily voiding
Definition
1500-1600 mL
Term
age childern have the ability to voluntary control micturition
Definition
18-24 months
Term
age children have full control of voluntary micturition
Definition
4-5 years
Term
describe 2 changes with aging to kidney and liver functioning
Definition

nocturia: decrease in glomerular filtration rate

decrease in kidney's ability to concentrate urine

increased urinary frequency: bladder losses muscle tone and capacity to hold urine

 

 

Term
residual urine
Definition
in aging, loss of contractibilty of bladder. Urine is retained after voiding
Term
define the term prerenal alterations and 2 conditions it may lead to
Definition

a decrease blood flow to kidneys, decreases the rate of perfusion to renal tissue. 

 

oligura: dimished capacity to form urine

 

anuria: inability to produce urine

Term
oligura
Definition
inability to form urine
Term
anuria
Definition
inabilty to produce urine
Term
what can cause renal alterations
Definition
injury directly to glomerulus or renal tubule and altering normal funtioning of filtration, reabsorption and secreting fuctionings
Term
define postrenal alterations
Definition

results from obstruction to urinary collecting systems. 

 

ie. from calyces (drainage structures from kidneys) to uretheral meatus (outside kidney, inside urinary system)

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