Term
|
Definition
| A complete stoppage of urin flow |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| refers to the clarity of the urine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| product in the breakdown of hemoglobin; main pigment in bile |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A sample with a known value used to determine the accuracy of a method |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Selective reabsorption process that serves to maintain the osmotic gradient |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| passage of abnormally large amounts of urine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Tissue swelling to excessive fluids |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Forcing fluids and dissolved substances through a membrane by pressure |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Splitting of glucose into smaller fragments |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of glucose to gluconic acid and H2O2 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The tendency in biologic systems to maintain relatively constant conditions in the internal enviroment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A condition where urine has a specific gravity greater than the 1.010 SG of plasma filtrate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A condition where th urine has a specific gravity less than the 1.010 SG of plasma filtrate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A weighted glass rod that measures density of a solution by depth at which the glass rod floats in the liquid |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Intact red blood cells in urine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A condition where urine has a specific gravity equal to the 1.010 SG gravity of the plasma filtrate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Degradation products of fatty acids |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an enzyme found in leukocytes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A colorless chromagen that will darken when exposed to light |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A plastic strip with varying numbers of test pads which are impregnated with different reagents to assay(test) a specific analyte |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A heme protien found in striated muscle, which after a crushing injury is released into circulation and can be easily filtered by the glomerulus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Inflammation of the kidney involving glomerulus, tubules, and/or interstitial tissue.
(Neph)-Kidney
(itis)-inflammation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Excessive urination during the night |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A decrease in daily urine output; typically less than 500cc/day |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A condition where protein will be present in the urine only after patient has been in a vertical position for prolonged periods. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A difference in salt concentration |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A progressive wave of contraction and relaxation of a tubular muscular system in which contents are forced through a system |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A second enzyme that catalyzes the reaction of hydrogen peroxide with a potassium iodide chromagen to colors ranging from green to brown |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The measurement of the hydrogen ion concentration |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A genetic condition that is characterized by the accumulation of plasma phenylalanine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A marked increase in urine flow |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Meaning nearest to the point |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The process of bringing fluids and dissolved substances through a membrane back into the body |
|
|
Term
Refractometer
(Index Refractometer) |
|
Definition
| An instrument used for indirectly determining specific gravity by refractive index |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The process of bringing fluids and dissolved substances through a membrane into the filtrate in the kidneys |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The ratio of weight in a volume of fluid compared to the weight of an equal volume of distilled water at a constant temperature |
|
|
Term
Tamm-Horsefall
(Uromodulin) |
|
Definition
| Mucoprotein Secreted by the renal tubules |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A substance which is almost completly reabsorbed by the renal tubules when their concentration in plasma is within normal limits |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A cloudiness; a disturbance of solids(sediment) in a solution |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| One of several reduction products seen during the breakdown of bilirubin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A metabolic waste product produced in the liver from the breakdown of protein and amino acids |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An instrument used for directly measuring the SG of urine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A branch of medicine concerned with the male and female urinary tract and male genital tract |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A conversion of liquid into a vapor |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Fluid containing 95% Water and 5% Metabolic products.
Secreted by the kidneys, and stored in the bladder
Discharged by way of the urethra |
|
|
Term
Main Constituents of Urine
Organic Substances |
|
Definition
Water
Creatinine
urea
uric acid
|
|
|
Term
| Inorganic substances of Urine |
|
Definition
Chloride, Sodium, Potassium
Hormones
Vitamins
Medications
|
|
|
Term
How many grams of dissolved material is excreted every 24 hours?
Half of Which is what? |
|
Definition
60 Grams of dissolved material is excreted every 24 hours
Half of which is Urea |
|
|
Term
| Average Volume of Urine Output Daily |
|
Definition
Daily output: 1200-1500 mL
(may be cnsidered normal range): 600-2000 mL |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Physical, Chemical, and Microscopic analysis of urine for diagnosiss of disease and to follow the course of treatment |
|
|
Term
| Anatomical Components of urinary system |
|
Definition
Kidneys
Ureters
Bladder
Urethra |
|
|
Term
| Kidney Physical Characteristics |
|
Definition
Bean Shaped
Size of a clenched fist
Concave side facing inwards |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Located at the back of abdominal wall above the waist
Right kidney sits just below the liver
Left kidney is below the diaphragm adjacent to the spleen |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
11 cm long
5 cm thick
Weight: 150 G |
|
|
Term
| Located above each kidney |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Outer Portion of Kidney
Reddish in color |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Inner Portion
Containes minor calices, major calices, and the renal pelvis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Drains urine from the collecting ducts into the major calices |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Drains Urine from minor calices into the renal pelvis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Drains urine from the major calices into the ureters |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Two tubes that connect kidneys to bladder
Measures 28-34 cm long. RIGHT ureter slightly shorter
Activly transports urine to bladder by peristalsis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Elastic and hollow Muscular Sac
Collects and stores urine
500 mL(16 oz) or more |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Tube leading from bladder to outside of the body
Transports urine from bladder to outside of the body |
|
|
Term
Length of urethra
(Male)
(Female) |
|
Definition
About 24 cm Long
About 4 cm Long |
|
|
Term
| Kidneys Maintain homeostasis by... |
|
Definition
Regulating the pH, mineral ion concentration, and water composing of blood
Filtering blood and eliminates toxic wates products
Performes Endocrine Functions
(Renin abd Erythropoietin) |
|
|
Term
| Renin is also known as... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Angiotensinogenase(Renin) Is produced by... |
|
Definition
| The juxtaglomerular Apparatus |
|
|
Term
| The juxtaglomerular Apparatus activates what? |
|
Definition
| The Renin-angiotensin system |
|
|
Term
| Angiotensin 1 is converted into angiotensin 2 (Active)Where? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Angiotensin 2 corrects renal blood flow by... |
|
Definition
Vasoconstriction
Stimulating reabsorption of sodium
Releasing aldosterone, a sodium retainiing hormone |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Hormone produced by the kidneys
Stimulates the body to produce red blood cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Functional unit of the kidney |
|
|
Term
| How many nepherons per kidney? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Compononts of the Nephron |
|
Definition
Renal Corpuscle
Glomerulus Within Bowmans Capsule
Renal Tubules
Collecting ducts |
|
|
Term
| Where is the glomerulus located? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What surrounds the glomerulus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the Bowmans Space? |
|
Definition
| The space between the capillary network and the bowmans capsule |
|
|
Term
| What is the Function of the Glomerulus? |
|
Definition
Siite of Renal(Glomular) Filtration
Main Filter of the Nephron
Allow only LMW(Low Molecular Weight) Substances (Less than 70,000) To pass through membrane.
Semi-permeable |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Elongated tube that transports glomerular filtrate from glomerulus to collecting duct |
|
|
Term
| 3 Sections of the renal Tubules |
|
Definition
Proximal Covoluted Tube
Loop of Henle
Distal Convoluted tube |
|
|
Term
| Functions of the renal tubule |
|
Definition
Reabsorption(80%)
Secretion |
|
|
Term
| Functions of the loop of henle |
|
Definition
Controls Specific Gravity, volume, and pH
Also dilutes and concentrates |
|
|
Term
| Functions of The Distal Convoluted Tubule... |
|
Definition
Adjusts pH, osmolality, and Electrolyte Content of the Urine
Reabsorption and Secretion
90% of Solutes bt the time filtrate reaches distal tubules |
|
|
Term
| Collecting ducts location.. |
|
Definition
Located in cortex and Medulla
One collecting tubule attaches to several different nephrons |
|
|
Term
| Function of collecting ducts |
|
Definition
| Collect Glomerular filtrate and transport urine from the collecting tubules to the minor calices |
|
|
Term
| Kidneys Receive blood from where? |
|
Definition
Renal Arteries
20% of Cardiac output or 1 liter of blood per minute
Blood enters the nephrons through the afferent arteriole
Blood exit into the efferent arteriole |
|
|
Term
| Urine is formed by what four actions in the kidneys? |
|
Definition
Glomerular Filtration
Tubular Reabsorption
Renal Concentration
Tubular secretion |
|
|
Term
| First step in formation of urine |
|
Definition
Filtration - forcing fluid and dissolved substances through a membrane by pressure
occurs in the glomerulus (120 mL/min) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The movement of molecule across a membrane that is driven by energy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The movement of molecules across a membrane as a result of differences in their concentration |
|
|
Term
Three Rules for urine Specimen handeling
|
|
Definition
Collect Specimen in proper container
Properly label all specimens
Promptly transportspecimens to laboratory. Within one hour |
|
|
Term
| Urine Specimen collection containers |
|
Definition
Random or first morning collections
Mid stream, clean catch Collections
24 hour specimen collections (May Require Chemical Preservation |
|
|
Term
| For routine screenings, physical exams, and drug or alchohol screenings |
|
Definition
| Random or routine collection |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Increased concentration in the urine
hormone or chemical tests, pregnancy sccreening, helps evaluate for orthostatic protienuria |
|
|
Term
| Steril or midstream catch |
|
Definition
Increased sample stelility
Bacteriologial studies
Increases accuracy of microscopic exam |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
8-12 hours fasting
Collect second specimen
Recommended for glucose monitoring |
|
|
Term
| Two Hour Post Prandial Method |
|
Definition
Monitor insulin therapy
Glucse level |
|
|
Term
| Glucose tolerance test (GTT) |
|
Definition
Measures patients ability to metabolize glucose
Concerned with glucose and ketone level
8-12 hours fasting
Void after fasting
Ameasured amount of glucose is given to patient. (Glucola, or 10g of glucose per minute.)
Amount given to pt is determined by the physician
Consume within 5-10 minutes
Specimens at one hour intervals are collected after drinking the solution |
|
|
Term
| Purpoce of Urine Preservatives |
|
Definition
| Prevents changes in bacterial growth, Turbidity, Nitrite, pH, Glucose, ketones, bilirubin, urobilinogen, And cellular decompostition(RBC, WBC, Epi cells, Casts and crystals, and parasites) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
(2-8 degrees C)
Most Common
Advantages are no chemical interference, Drecreased bacterial growth and metabolism
Disadvantages are Precipitates some crystals( amourphous phosphates, amorphous urates), and raises specific gravity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Advantage - Does not interfere with routine chemical tests
Disadvantage - Floats on surface, Ineffective against bacteria |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Advantage - Excellent for sediment preservative
Disadvantage - Precipitate protein, interferes with copper reduction, glucose, blood, leukocyte esterase |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Advantage - Preserves Glucose and sediment
Disadvantage - Interferes with urine sediment, and may cause cellular damage |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Advantage - Inhibits bacterial growth
Disadvantage - Interferes with urine sediment, and may cause cellular changes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Advantages - Preserves Protien, Preserves Formed elements, and Does not interfere with routine tests except pH
Disadvantages - May precipitate crystals |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Advantages - Prevents Glycolosis, good preservative for drug analysis
Disadvantage - Inhibits dipstick test for glucose, blood and leukocyte |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Advantages - Bacteriacidal
Disadvantages - Harmfl to patients, destroyes formed elements, precipitates solutes, interferes with routine analysis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Advantages - Preserves bilirubin and urobilinogen, and useful for some chemical analysis
Disadvantages - Destroys formed elements, and turbidity occurs |
|
|
Term
| Purpose of visual examination of urine |
|
Definition
Screening test to aid in the detection and diagnosis of renal, urinary tract and systemic diseases.
used to detect abnormal color, volume, odor, and appearance
Method - Macroscopic Examination |
|
|
Term
| Normal values for visual exam |
|
Definition
Color - Pale yellow to amber
Appearance - Clear or transparant
Odor - Faint aromatic color |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Normal color (unchrome)
Common in random collection
Increased fluid intake
Diuertics Patients with polyuria |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Concentrated urine
Common in first morning void |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Dehydrated pt
Sever Burns
Fever |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Pyridium, yellow orange color |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Intact RBC's
Hemoglobin(Intravascular hemolysis)
Myoglobin( Muscle damage)
Pigments in blood(Beets)
Menstrual contaminatiion
Medications
Porphyrins - port wine colored urine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Old or lysed RBC's
Melanin or melanogen
Homogentisic Acid (Alkaptonuria)
(Metabolite of phenylelanin ) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Large amounts of bacteria
(Pseudomonas ssp)
Breath deoderizers(Clorets)
Phenol derivatives |
|
|
