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Urinalysis 1
N/A
44
Pathology
Undergraduate 2
02/07/2012

Additional Pathology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term

 

 

Principle: pH

Definition

*double indicator system.

*indicators methyl red and bromthymol blue are used to give distinct color changes from orange to green to blue 

Term

 

 

Principle: Protein

Definition

*protein error of indicators. 

*÷at a pH of 3, tetrabromphenol blue releases hydrogen ions in the presence of albumin, exchange of H+ between albumin and indicator produce a color change

 

 

reagent strip contains: tetrabromphenol blue, buffer

Term

 

Principle: glucose

Definition

*double enzyme reaction

÷glucose in presence of glucose oxidase forms gluconic acid and hydrogen peroxide
÷H202 in presence of peroxidase forms water and oxygen

÷oxygen binds to chromogen 

 

 reagent strip contains

glucose oxidase and peroxidase
chromogen
Term

 

 

Principle: Ketones

Definition
—principle of test:
¡sodium nitroprusside reaction (Legal’s test)
—strip is impregnated with:
¡sodium nitroprusside
—test methodology
¡ketones react with sodium nitroprusside in an alkaline medium to produce a violet color
Term

 

 

Principle:Blood

Definition
   —principle of test
¡pseudoperoxidase activity of heme
—strip is impregnated with
¡peroxide-like chemical
¡chromgen capable of accepting oxygen
 
¡hemoglobin reduces the peroxide-like chemical, producing water and oxygen
¡oxygen oxidizes chromogen resulting in color change
Term

 

 

Function and structure of Kidney

Definition

-filters blood

-remove waste products

-regulates electrolytes, water acid-base balance and blood pressure.

Term

 

 

Fuction and structure of ureters

Definition

-fibromuscular tube

-25cm long

-emerges from renal plevis of each kidney and extends down to connect to the base of bladder

*moves urine down into bladder

Term

 

Function and stucture of bladder

Definition
-muscular sac that serves as a resevoir for accumulation of urine
Term

 

 

function and structure of urethra

Definition
-canal connecting the bladder to the exterior of the body about 4 cm long in the female and 24 cm long in the male
Term

 

Function of glomerulus

Definition

AKA renal capsule

-network of capillaries

-forms barrier that is designed specifically for plasma ultrafiltration

Term

 

 

function of bowmans capsule

Definition

-cuplike sac at beginning of tubular component of nephron

- performs first step in filtration of blood to form urine

-glomerulus is enclosed in sac

-fluids from blood in glomerulus are collected in bowmans capsule

Term

 

 

 

function of afferent arterioles

Definition

-small branch of an interlobular renal artery that becomes the capillary tuft within a glomerulus 

-supplies blood individually to the glomerulus of each nephron

Term

 

 

 

function of efferent arteriole

Definition

-arteriole exiting the glomerulus

-formed by rejoining of the anastomosing capillary network within the glomerulus

-bc smaller then afferent arteriole it creates some resistance to blood flow producing the back up of blood in the glomerulus which creates higher pressure in the glomerular cavity

Term

 

 

function of proximal convulated tubules

Definition

-most proximal segment of renal tubular portion of nephron 

-responsible for reabsorption of glucose, amino acids, and various ions and water

 

Term

 

 

function of distal convulated tubule

Definition

-reabsorption of sodium, water and secreation of hydrogen potassium portion of renal nephron

-immediatley after loop of henle

Term

 

function of loop of henle

Definition

-leads from proximal tubule to distal tubule, 

-main function to create a concentraion gradient in the medulla of the kidney 

-responsible for reabsorption

Term

 

 

function of collecting duct

Definition

-site of final urine concentration

-distal tubules empty into collecting duct terminate at the renal papilla conveying the urine formed into the renal calyxes of the kidney

Term

 

describe process of filtration

Definition

glomerular filtration is unidirectional process that occurs for most small molecules

-blood pressure forces filtrate out of glomerulus into bowmans capsule then into proximal tubule 

1.blood cells protien and other large solutes cannot pass capillary wall into capsule

2.water, glucose, sodium, and urea are forced out

Term

 

 

describe process of secreation

Definition

 active transport process

-requires energy

-molecules transport against concentrated gradient

-may be saturated 

-moves substances from capillaires into nephron walls

1.capillaries surrounding nephrons secrete excess amounts of H+ ions and potassium ions in the nephron tubules

2.rids body of drugs, uric acid, hemoglobin, breakdown of products and other wastes

Term

 

 

describe function of reabsorption

Definition

-takes place in tubular parts of nephrons where water and solutes move across the tubular wall out of the nephron

-by diffusion or active transport into cappilaries 

-happends after molecules filtered at glomerulus (active or passive)

-reabsorption of acids or weak basis influenced by pH of urine and pKa of molecules

-urine pH and pKa determine % of ionized and unionized

Term
Discuss relationship of kidney, hypothalamus, and ADH to regulate water excretion
Definition

ADH produced in hypothalamus transfered by posterior pituatary.

-when increase in arterial blood pressure accurs, hypothalamus signaled and inturn inhibits release of ADH. -as plasma level of ADH decreases the collecting tubule epithelium changes and osmosis of water from the lumen also decreases=more dilute urine (more water excreted)

 

HAPPENS VICE VERSA TOO!

Term

 

 

Action and regulation of Renin

Definition

produced by cells of juxtaglomerular apparatus of renal nephrons

-secration of renin =formation of angiostensin and aldosterone

-when released into bloodstream in repsonse to decreased blood volume, decreased arterial pressure, sodium depletion, vascular hemmorrhage or increased potassium forms angiotensin and causes secretion of aldosterone

Term

 

 

Action and regulation of aldosterone

Definition

stimulates kidney activity to retain sodium and passively retain water

-so the volume of fluid expands, blood pressure increases and normal potassium levels as well as normal renal perfusion are restored

Term

 

 

Large amount of foam in urine indicates?

Definition

 

 

 increase concentration of protein

Term
Relate specific gravity, refractive index, and osmolality
Definition

Specific gravity measures amount of dissolved substances in a solution.

refractive index is the ratio of velocity of light in are to velocity of light in solution 

(ratio varies with dissolved particles in solution)

osmolality measurement of property of soln related to the # of molecules of solute per kilogram of solvent =amount of stuff dissolved

 

ALL MEASURE URINE CONCENTRATION

Term

 

 

Normal Urine volume should be

Definition
between 1200-1500 mL/24 hrs
Term

 

 

 

Polyuria

Definition

abnormally large amount of urine

 

 

 

over 2000 mL/24hrs

Term

 

 

Oliguria

Definition

small amount of urine 

 

 

less than 500mL/24hrs

Term

 

 

Anuria

Definition
absence of Urine
Term

 

Practical analytical sensitivity of pH

Definition

 

5.0-9.0

Term

 

 

Practical analytical sensitivity of protein

Definition

 

 

 

15-30 mg/dL

Term

 

 

Practical analytical sensitivity of glucose

Definition

 

75-125 mg/dL

Term

 

 

Practical analytical sensitivity of ketone

Definition

 

 

10 mg/dL of acetoacetic acid

Term

 

 

Practical analytical sensitivity of blood

Definition

 

 

5-10 erythrocytes/uL

0.015 mg/dL hemoglobin?

Term

 

 

Specificity of pH

Definition
hydrogen ion concentration
Term

 

 

Specificity of ketones

Definition
greater for acetoacetic acid
Term

 

 

 

Specificity for blood

Definition
hemoglobin, myoglobin, RBC
Term

 

 

 

Specificity for glucose

Definition

 

 

glucose

Term

 

 

Specificity for protein

Definition

 

albumin

Term

 

 

False positive/ Neg for ketones

Definition

False + = high pigmented urines, large amounts of levodpar metabolites

False - =improper storage =bacterial breakdown

Term

 

 

False positive/ Neg for blood

Definition

False + = menstral contam., microbial peroxidase, strong oxidizing agents (soaps, detergent..)

False - =ascorbic acid, high specific gravity, captopril

Term

 

 

False positive/ Neg for glucose

Definition

 false + = strong oxidizing agents, peroxide contaminiation 

False - = ascorbic acid, ketones, improper strored specimens

 

Term

 

 

False positive/ Neg for protein

Definition

 False + = highly buffered urine or alkaline urines, drugs (highly colored substances)

False - = colored substances (drugs), beet ingestion

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