Term
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Definition
important proteases
converted to active pepsin in gastric juice by autocatalysis of pepsin itself
pepsin hydrolyzes those peptide bonds of ingested proteins involving aromatic amino acids
cleavage pt on amion terminal side in stomach |
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Term
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Definition
converted to active by enteropeptidase
acts on lys and arginine peptide bonds at the carboyxl group
in the small intestine |
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Term
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Definition
converted by trypsin
breaks bonds involving Tyr, Phe, Trp at the carboxyl-group |
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Term
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Definition
inactive = procarboxypeptidase
cleaves c-terminal residues with aromatic or aliphatic side chains at the peptide bond adjacet to the C-terminal end of polypeptides (Tyr, Trp, Phe or Gly, Ala, Val, Leu, Ile)
in small intestine |
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Term
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Definition
cleaves basic amino acids (Lys, Arg and Ornithine) from the C-terminal position of polypeptides
in the small intestine |
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Term
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Definition
cleaves amino terminal residues (except proline) from the peptide bond adjacent to N-terminal end of polypeptides
in the small intestine |
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Term
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Definition
stomach polypeptide hormones
stimulates gastric HCl secretion |
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Term
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Definition
small intestine polypeptide hormone
stimulates bicarbonate secretion to neutralize the gastric HCl and increase the pH to about 7 |
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Term
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Definition
small intestine polypeptide horomone
promotes secretion of several pancreatic enzymes with optimal activity at pH 7 to 8 |
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Term
| First Step in Most Amino Acid Degradation |
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Definition
| transfer the amino group to alpha-ketoglutarate to form L-glutamate |
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Term
| Amino Acids degraded to Pyruvate |
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Definition
Threonine
Glycine
Serine
Cystein
Tryptophan
Alanine |
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Term
| Glycine Degradation major pathway |
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Definition
| yields ammonia and carbon dioxide and it requires a tetrahydrofolate reaction, which brings the oxidative cleavage of glycine into Coz and NH4 |
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Term
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Definition
| can form pyruvate, taurine, PAPS |
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Term
| Amino Acids Degraded to Acetyl-CoA (7) |
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Definition
| Tryptophan, Lysine, Phenylalanine, Tyrosine, Leucine, Isoleucine, and Threonine |
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Term
| Degradation of Tryptophan |
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Definition
either to pyruvate, kynurenine, or indolepyruvate
the kynurenine leads to produciton of 2 Acetyl-CoA |
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Term
| Amino Acids converted to alpha-ketoglutarate |
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Definition
| Arginine, Histidine, Glutamate, Glutamine, and Proline |
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Term
| Amino Acids Converted to Succinyl-CoA |
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Definition
| Methionine, Isoleucine, Threonine, Valine |
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Term
| Amino Acids Converted to oxaloacetate |
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Definition
| Asparagine, Aspartic Acid |
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Term
| Amino Acids converted to Fumarate |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Acetoacetate, D-Beta-hydroxybutyrate, acetone
water-soluble compounds that are produced as by-products when fatty acids are broken down for energy in the liver and kidney |
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Term
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Definition
amino acids degraded to pyruvate, alpha-ketoglutarate, succinyl-CoA, fummarate and / or oxaloacetate can be converted to glucose and glycogen
all except leucine + lysine |
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Term
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Definition
amino acids degraded entirely or in part to acetoacetyl-coA and or acetyl-CoA, can yield ketone bodies in the liver
Leucine + lysine and those that are both |
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Term
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Definition
amino acids that have both activities
F, Y, W, T, I |
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Term
| Where does urea synthesis take place |
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Definition
| primarily in the tissues of the liver |
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Term
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Definition
| 1st amino group enters the urea cycle in a form of free amonia by the deamination of glutamate inside the mitochondria of the liver cells |
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Term
| 1st Major reaction of Urea Cycle |
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Definition
Atp dependent reaction COz + NH4+ form carbamoyl phosphate through the enzyme carbamoyl phosphate synthetase I
two terminal phosphate groups of ATP are used to form molecule of carbamoyl phosphate |
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Term
| 2nd Major Reaction of Urea Cycle |
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Definition
carbamoyl phosphate donates its carbamoyl group to ornithine to form citrulline and release phosphate
catalyzed by ornithine transcarbamoylase
citrulline leaves mitochondria and passes into the cytosol of liver cells |
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Term
| 3rd Major Reaction of Urea Cycle |
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Definition
Aspartate donates amine group to citrulline to form arginiosuccinate condensation reaction
catalyzed by argininouccinate synthetase (mg) dependent |
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Term
| 4th Major Reaction of Urea Cycle |
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Definition
Argininosuccinate will be cleaved to Arginine and Fumarate by argininosuccinase
fumarate returns to the pool of CAC intermediates |
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Term
| 5th Major Reaction in the Urea Cycle |
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Definition
Arginase cleaves arginine to yield urea and prnithine
ornithine is regenerated and can enter the mitochondria again to intitiate another round of the urea cycle |
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Term
| 6 Major Urea Cycle disorders |
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Definition
Each is referred to by the initials of the missing enzyme
CPS, NAGS, OTC, AS, AL/ASA, AG |
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