Term
Types of Memory: definition and related anatomical structures
1. Declarative (2)
2. Procedural (3)
3. Working |
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Definition
Declarative
1. Semantic: general knowledge
2. Episodic: Time and place details
*Both in the extended Hippocampal system
Procedural
1. Motor/skills: basal ganglia, motor cortices, cerebellum
2. Conditioned reflexes: cerebellum
3. Emotional memory: amygdala
Working Memory: The brain's "RAM"
Prefrontal cortices |
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Term
Declarative Memory Processing Pathway:
A)Function B)Anatomy C) Type of Amnesia
1) 1' Sensory and Association Cortices
The Limbic System
2) Hippocampus and VM Temporal Lobe
3) Diencephalon
4) Basal Forebrain
5) ??Amygdala?? |
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Definition
1) 1' Sensory and Association Cortices
-1' sensory cortices--> unimodal association areas--> multimodal association areas (TPA and PFA) --> limbic system
Now the Limbic System:
2) Hippocampus and VM Temporal lobe cortices
-Input: sensory association areas
-Integrate senses for perception, recognition, new declarative memory formation
-VMT lobe amnesia-->anterograde and recent memory amnesia, but older memories intact; intellect, personality, and non declarative memory is intact
3) Diencephalon
-Input from above
-Medial thalamic structures
-Diencephalic amnesia: anterograde and retrograde amnesia, temporal disorientation, personality changes. Non-declarative memory intact
4) Basal Forebrain
-Medial Septal Nucleus, Nucleus Basalis of Meynert, et al.
-MSN: "memory"
-NSBM: attention
-Damage, commonly from ACA aneurysm: difficulty recalling and connecting different pieces of information leading to frequent confabulation.
??Amygdala???
-Attaching emotion to memory; modulates memory consolidation and retrieval via cortisol and epinephrine.
-Rare lesion leads to Emotional/Social Agnosia |
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Term
Stroke
Anterior Circulation
ACA and MCA
1)Watersheds
2)Effect of Infarct |
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Definition
ACA
1) Midline frontal and parietal lobes
2) Contralateral LE parapesis.
(In ACA's arising from a single trunk, occlusion there leads to bilateral LE parapesis)
MCA
1)Lateral frontal, parietal, temporal, and insular lobes, and some occipital lobe
2)
-Contralateral hemiparesis, face+arm>leg (frontal lobe)
-Aphasia (Broca and Wernicke's/ Dominant Hemisphere)
-Neglect (Non dominant hemisphere)
-Contralateral hemifield/quadrant defect (Optic radiations)
-Deviation of Gaze (FEF's)
-Cortical sensory loss (parietal lobe) |
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Term
Posterior Circulation Occlusion Symptoms
PICA
BA
PICA
AICA
SCA |
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Definition
PICA/VA:
1) Lateral Medulla, inferior cerebellum
2)Wallenburg/Lateral Medullary
AICA
1) Dorsal Brainstem, Lateral Pons
SCA
1) Superior Cerebellum, some midbrain
BA 2+2) Crossed facial/body sensorimotor deficits, oculomotor and or ataxia
PCA:
1)medial Occipital Lobe/Visual Cortex, inferior temporal lobe
2) Contralateral hemianopsia (visual field loss) |
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Term
3 Types of ischemic strokes
1) Carbioembolic stroke
2) Large Vessel atherothromboembolism
3) Small vessel/lacunar |
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Definition
1) Multiple embolic events; associated with heart conditions.
2) From stenosis; reccurent similiar events in the same vascular territory
3) Associated with diabetes and hypertension. Depends upon clinical syndrome w/o any alternative etiology.
a) pure motor hemiparesis
b) pure sensory stroke
c) clumsy hand/dysarthria syndrome
d) ataxic hemiparesis |
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Term
Types of Left hemisphere Aphasias and their symptoms
NonFluent
Broca's
Global
Fluent
Wernickes
Conduction |
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Definition
Broca: knows they are having trouble
-Poor Fluency: effortul,aggrammatic
-Good Comprehension: intact, but agrammatic
-Poor Repetition
-Poor Naming: mildy impaired
Wernicke's: Doesn't understand they are having trouble
-Fluent speech, but empty and circumlocutory
-Poor comprehension: use substitutions
-Impaired repetition
-Poor naming
Conduction
-Fluent
-Intact Comprehension
-Impaired repetition
-Good naming
Global
-Bad at it all |
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Term
Dementia
1)Causes
2)Criteria
4)Treatment
Delirium
1)Causes
2)Criteria
4)Treatment |
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Definition
1) Alzheimers, Lewy Body Dis, vascular
2) INSIDIOUS, NO CHANGES IN CONCIOUSNESS Memory loss, other cognitive disturbances, functional impairment, cognitive decline from higher level
4) PROGRESSIVE, treat comorbidities, caregiver support
Delirium
1) Any drugs or condition that causes cerebral insufficiency
2) DISTURBED CONCIOUSNESS AND ATTENTION, change in cognition/perception, ABRUPT ONSET, BRIEF fluctuating course, evidence of causal factor: drugs or medical condition
4. REVERSIBLE |
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