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Definition
| the view that psychology should be an objective science that studies behavior without reference to mental processes. Most research psychologist today agree that is it should be an objective science that studies behavior. |
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| the even that defined the start of scientific psychology |
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| The first psychology laboratory created by Withelm Wundt in 1897. |
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| uses introspection to define the minds makeup |
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| focuses on how mental processes enable us to adapt, survive, and flourish. |
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| the science of bahaviour and mental processes. |
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| the interdisciplinary study of the brain activity linked with cognition (including perception, thinking, memory, and language) |
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| nature vs. nurture issues |
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| the longstanding controversy over the relative contributions that genes and experience make to the development of psychological traits and behaviors. |
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| the tree main levels of analysis, and how are they important to biopsychosocial approach? |
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Definition
| biological influences, psychological influences, and social-cultural influences. by incorporating different levels of analysis, we can provide a more complete view that any approach would have alone. |
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| The current psychological perspectives |
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Definition
| neuroscience, evolutionary, behavioral genetics, psychodyamic, behaviroal, cognitive, social-culture. |
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| the tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it. (i knew-it-all-along) |
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| the tendency to believe knowing more then you actually really do, we tend to be more confident then correct. |
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| perceiving order in random events |
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Definition
| We will try to make sens of things, that arnt necessarily predictable. We make situations, appear as not random, and with some sort of pattern. |
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| science vs. institution definition |
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Definition
| science defines between what we would like to be true and what is actually true. being specific with science requires, curiosity (to want to know more), scepticism (question our believes), and humility (awareness of our vulnerability). |
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Definition
| thinking that does not blindly accept arguments and conclusions. Rather, it examines assumptions, discerns hidden values, evaluates evidence, and assesses conclusions. |
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| science vs. institution goals |
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Definition
to convience you that
1) common sens is not sufficient to understand/predict behaviour
2) scientific method is necessary to understand & predict behaviour. |
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Definition
to observe and record behaviour, there are 3 methods:
case studies (analysis of special individuals, in hope of revealing universal principals)
naturalistic observations (watching and recording the natural behaviour of many individuals, with no interference)
surveys and interviews(asking groups of people questions) |
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| wording effect, random/specific sampling, the population specificity |
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| a measure of the extent to which two factors vary together, and thus of how well either factor predicts the other. |
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| correlation factor/ and types |
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Definition
a statistical index of the relationship between two things.
positive (both increase)
none (randome/independent factors
negative (one increases at the expense of another) |
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Definition
| a graphed cluster of dots, used to demonstrate a correlation between two samples, in hope to find a linear relation (slope). |
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| correlation and causation |
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Definition
| determining a relation between the statistical value and its route of cause. Many people will try and relate situations to correlation causations. ex "guns kill people", "but guns can also protect people" doesA cause B? does B cause A? or some C factor cause both? |
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Definition
a research method in which an investigator manipulates one or more factors to observe the effects on some behaviour or mental process.
(explore cause and effect) |
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| control group vs. experimental group |
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Definition
| control is a group that was not exposed to the treatment in order to have a base to compare our results. The experimental group is the group assigned to the treatment |
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Definition
| an experiemental approach in which both the researches and the participants are blind about whether or not the research participants have been given a treatment or placebo. |
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| the effect is a result caused by expectations alone; any effect on behaviour caused by the administration of an inert substance or condition, which the recipient assumes is an active agent. |
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Definition
independent (the experimental factor that is manipulated;the variable who's effect is being studied)
confounding variable (a factor other than the independent variable that might produce an effect in an experiment)
dependent (the outcome factor; the variable that may change in response to manipulations of the independent variable) |
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Term
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Definition
it is a nerve cell, which is the basic building block of the nervous system.
it has dendrites (the thin branches that receives signals), axons (long body of the cell, passing the message), myelin sheath (fatty tissue layer around axon, to enhances the neurons ability to transmit messages) |
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| AP (action potential) and threshold (neurologist p.o.v.) |
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Definition
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Definition
| chemical messages that cross the synaptic gaps between neurons. wen released by the sending neuron, neurotransmitters travel across the synapse and bing to receptor stes on the recieving neuron, thereby influencing whether that neuron will generate a neural impulse. |
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| Types of neural transmitters |
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Definition
ACh (enables muscle action, learning, and memory)
dopamine (influences movement, learning, attention, and emotion)
serotonin (alers mood, hunger, sleep and arousal)
norepinephrine (helps control alertness and arousal)
GABA (inhibitory- neurotransmitter)
Glutamine (excitatory- involved in memory) |
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Term
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Definition
| breaks down into CNS(central nervous system, brain and spinal cord) and PNS (peripheral nervous system) which then breaks down again into automatic (controls self-regulating actions of internal organs) and somatic (controls voluntary movements). the automatic system breaks down intro sympathetic (arousing) or parasympathetic (calming) |
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Definition
| sensory (carry incoming messages to CNS), motor (carry outgoing messages from CNS to PNS), interneurons (neurons within brain and spinal cord that communicate internally and intervene between the inputs and outputs). |
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Definition
| the bodys slow chemical communication system; a set of glands that secrete hormones intro the bloodstream. |
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Definition
| a simple automatic response to a sensory stimulus. |
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| EEG (electroencephalogram) |
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Definition
| an amplified recording of the waves of electrical activity that sweep across the brains surface. these waves are measured by electrodes placed on the scalp. |
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| PET (positron emission tomography) |
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Definition
| a visual display of bain activity that detects where a radioactive form of glucose goes while the brain preforms a given task. This method uses the chemical glucose as a form of measuring. |
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| MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) |
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Definition
| a technique that uses magnetic fields and radio waves to produce computer generated images of soft tissue. MRI show brain anatomy. it uses radio-waves to distort the atoms found in our brains. |
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Definition
| a technique for revealing bloodflow and therefore brain activity by comparing successive MRI scans. fMRI scans show brain function. |
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Definition
| brainstem- top of spinal cord= mendulla (heartbeat, breathing), and ponds (help coordinate movement). |
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| neural system located below the cerebral hemispheres; associated with emotions and drives. it is composed of the hippocampus, amygdala, and hypothalamus. |
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Definition
| wo limabean-sized neural clusters, linked to emotion, specially aggression and fear, and the processing of emotional memories. |
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Definition
| a neural structure lying below the thalamus; it directs several activities. (eating, drinking, sexual behaviour and body temperature). it helps govern the endocrine system via pituitary gland, and is linked to emotion and reward. |
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Definition
| this location is linked to memory, and its processing. |
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| an area of the brain at the rear of the frontal lobes that controls voluntary movement, to the opposite side of the body. (ie right hemisphere = left body) |
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Definition
| area of the fron fo the parietal lobe that registers and processes body touch and movement sensations, like the motor cortex in works in an opposite control. |
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Definition
| areas of the cerebral cortex that are not involved in primary motor or sensory functions. rather they ar involved in higher mental functions such as learning, remembering, thinking, and speaking. |
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Definition
| the brains ability to change, especially during childhood, by reorganizing after damage or by building new pathways based on experience. The brain's opposite damaged hemisphere can adjust to the missing aspects of the working side, damaged brains may also under go neurogenesis which is the formation of new neurons. |
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Definition
| a condition resulting from surgery hat isolates the brains two hemispheres by cutting the fibers of the corpus callosum, that was connecting them. problem with this is that information does not get shared between the left and right hemisphere. |
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| the idea that a physiological need creates an aroused tension state that motivates an organism to satisfy the need. when psychological need increases, so does the drive. we are not only pushed by our need to reduce drives, but we are pulled by incentives. |
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Definition
| the maintenance of a balanced or consistant internal state; the regulation of any aspect of the body chemistry, such as blood glucose, or temperature at a particular level. |
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| regulation of eating/ chemistry of hunger |
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Definition
| hypothalamus, which monitors hormone levels, can properly track and accommodate with glucose, and appetite hormones levels in the human body. appetite hormones are released by an empty stomach, and send to the brain to turn on your hunger feeling. |
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Definition
| the point at which an individual's "weight thermostat" is supposedly set. when the body falls below this in weight, an increase in hunger and a lowered metabolic rate may act to restore the lost weight. |
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this characteristics can change due to many factors; the social effects of obesity, the physiology of obesity (set-point, metabolism, genetic factor, food and activity factor)
its even harder to maintain a lower weight once you've lost it |
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Definition
| the interdisciplinary study of the brain activity linked with cognition (perception, thinking, memory, and language). this can be visible in brain scans, when we are asked to think about a certain activity, and our brain thinks even if we appear to be unconscious. |
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Definition
| our awareness of our selves and our environment. |
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Definition
| the principle that information is often simultaneously processed on separate conscious and unconscious tracks. the idea we know more then what we really know. the two forms of conscious and unconscious tracks can play a role in our movement. sometimes running on automatic pilot allows our consciousness to to monitor our system and deal with new challenges. |
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Definition
| a condition in which a person can respond to a visual stimulus without consciously experiencing it. |
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Definition
| we have the ability to select where our attention is direction. for example when being asked to focus on a specific task, our attention is not pulled else where and we can be blind to the other actions around us. Our attention is focused and therefore selective to what we registar as being important. |
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| where we are unaware of changes in our environment, to which our consciousness deems are unimportant. |
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Definition
| is the minimum stimulation necessary to detect a particular stimulus 50% of the time. |
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Definition
a theory predicting how and when we detext the presence of a faint stimulus amid background stimulation. Assumes there is no signal absolute threshold and that detection depends partly on a persons' experience, expectations, motivation and alertness.
it will predict when we will detect weak signals |
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Definition
| is the stimuli you can not detect 50% of the time. you are not consciously aware of it. |
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| the minimum difference between two stimuli required for detection 50% of the time. We experience the difference threshold as a just noticeable difference. |
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| the principle that, to be perceived as different, two stimuli must differ by a given percentage. |
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Definition
| starts at the sensory receptors and works up to the brains integration of sensory information. |
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Definition
| information processing guided by higher-level mental processes, as when we construct perceptions drawing on our experience and expectation. this process will influence our perception |
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Definition
| pupil (allows light to pass through), iris (controls the size of the pupil), lens (focuses incoming light rays into an image) retina (multilayer tissue on the eyeballs sensitive inner surface), |
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Definition
cones (receptors that function in daylight/well lit-conditions, they detect fine details, and give rise to colour sensation)
rods (receptors that detect black and white, necessary for peripheral and twilight visions, when cones do not appear). |
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Definition
| the nerve that carries neural impulses from the eye to the brain, the blindsport is where the optic nerve leaves the eye. the fovea is the central focal point in the retina around which the eyes cones cluster. |
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| visual information processing |
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Definition
| images are projected upside down on your retina, where the cones and rods are hyperactivated and send a signal through the ganglion cells, to be transmitted through the optic nerve to the visual cortex of the brain. before the visual cortex, it passes through the visual area of the thalamus. |
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Definition
| nerve cells in the brain that respond to specific features of teh stimulis, such as shape, angle or movement. |
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Definition
| the processing of many aspects of a problem simultaneously; the brains natural mode of information processing for many functions including vision. contrasts with the step-by-step processing of most computers and conscious processing. |
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| what at the summer steps of visual information processing |
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Definition
| scene-> retinal processing (receptor rods and cones.bipolar cells.ganglion cells) -> feature detector (brain responds to specific features. edges/lines/angles) -> parallel processing (color, movement, form, depth) -> recognition (new image based on old images) |
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Definition
| this concept entours alot with the tree-color theory, that the retina contains three different color receptors- one sensitive to red, on to green and one to blue, which when stimulated in combination can produce the perception of any color. the second theory is the opponent-process theory, where the 3 set are red-green, yellow-blue, and white-black. |
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| classical conditioning basics |
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Definition
| a type of leraning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events. |
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Definition
| behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus. |
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| a stimulus that elicits no response before conditioning |
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| an unlearned naturally occurring response to an unconditioned stimulus. |
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| a stimulus that unconditionally (natural and automatic) triggers a response |
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Definition
| a learned response to a previously neutral stimulus |
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Definition
| an originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus, comes to trigger a conditioned response. |
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Definition
| the initial stage when one links a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus begins triggering the conditioned response. in operant conditioning, the strengthening of a reinforced response. |
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Definition
| the diminishing of a conditioned response, occurs when an unconditioned stimulus does not follow a conditioned stimulus; occurs in operant conditioning when a response is no longer reinforced. |
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Definition
| the reappearance after a pause, of an extinguished condition response. |
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| the tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses. |
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| applications of classical conditioning. |
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Definition
| to influence human health and well-being. |
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| operant conditioning reinforcement |
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Definition
| the ability to strengthen the behaviour, following a response. |
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Definition
increasing the behaviour by presenting a positive reinforcement.
(pet the dog after it comes when you call it) |
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Definition
increasing behaviours by stopping or reducing negative stimuli. when removed after a response; it strengthens the response.
(take pain killers to end pain). |
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| operant conditioning punishment |
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Definition
| AN EVENT THAT TENDS TO DECREASE THE BEHAVIOR THAT IT FOLLOWS. |
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Definition
administer an aversive stimulus
(spray water on a barking dog) |
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withdraw a rewarding stimulus
(take away your kids driving privileges) |
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| application of operant conditioning |
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Definition
| this can shape learning in small steps, by immediately reinforcing correct responses. it is important to also visualize each student uniquely in the schools. In spots this can drive a child to succeed them selves, and increasing their challenge. at work, this can improve the work setting and overall performance. |
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Definition
| created to help us think about how our brain forms and retrieve memories. |
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| type of memory model to get information into our brain. it is the processing of information into the memory system. |
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| type of memory model to retain information that was encoded over time |
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| type of memory model to get the information back out that was stored. |
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| is the immediate, very breif recording of sensory information in the memory system. it is broken down into short-term and working memory. |
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Definition
| is activated memory that holds a few items briefly before the information is stored or forgotten. |
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Definition
| a newer understanding of short-term memory that focuses on conscious, active processing or incoming auditory and visual-spatial information and of information retrieved from long-term memory. it has two functions its to activate processing of information visual and auditory information and focusing our spotlight of attention. |
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Definition
| this is a method to help boost our ability to form new memories. this can make the difference between successfully retrieving and unsuccessfully retrieving. methods are chunking, hierarchies, distributed practice. |
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Definition
| memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and declare. it include your frontal lobes and hippocampus, where information is sent. |
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Definition
| retention independent of conscious recollection. The cerebellum and basal ganglia. thanks to the implicit memory, even though your frontal lobes may be damaged, memories can still be retrieved. |
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Definition
| stress hormones provoke the amygdala to initiate a memory trace in the frontal lobes and basal gaglia and to boost activity in the brains memory-forming areas. the result is emotion arousal can sear certain events into the brain. |
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Definition
| a clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event. |
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| some problem solving is done by trial and error, other use algorithms, (a methodicalm logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem). |
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| a simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgements and solve problems efficiently; usually speedier but also more error prone. |
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| an abrupt, sudden realization of a problems solution; contracts with strategy--based solutions. |
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| an effortless, immediate, automatic feeling or thought, as contrasted with explicit, conscious reasoning. |
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Definition
| a tendency to approach a problem in one particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past. |
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| perils & power of intuition |
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Definition
| they feed gut fears and prejudices. intuition is huge and plays a role on our judgements, and sometimes can lead to a wise subconscious decision when we are short on time. our intuition is also usually adaptive and are recognitions born from experiences. |
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