Term
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Definition
The understanding that there
are systematic and predictable relationships between
written letters and spoken sounds. |
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Term
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Definition
Students who require extra support when
learning to read because they are raised in poverty, have not been read to as children, were premature babies, have a primary language other than English, or
have a learning disability. |
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Term
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Definition
The ability to say a spoken word when its
individual phonemes are said slowly. |
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Term
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Definition
The airflow does not stop as the
sound is pronounced, so the sound can be held as long as some air remains in the lungs. |
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Term
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Definition
The method of selecting teaching
examples whereby the teacher adds previously learned material to newly learned material. |
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Term
| differentiated instruction |
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Definition
| A range of instructional options that meets the diverse needs of students. |
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Term
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Definition
| The unambiguous, clear, and direct teaching of skills and strategies. |
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Term
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Definition
| Using words in speaking so that other people understand you; communicating meaningfully through writing. |
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Term
| fluency-based assessments |
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Definition
| Assessments that measure both the rate at which students perform skills as well as their accuracy. |
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Term
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Definition
| perceiving and manipulating the sounds of language at the larger word or syllable levels as well as at the phoneme level. |
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Term
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Definition
The study of the relationships between letters and the sounds they represent. This term has become shorthand for describing instruction that establishes
the alphabetic principle by teaching students the relationship between written letters or graphemes and the 41 to 44 sounds of spoken language or phonemes. |
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Term
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Definition
| The ability to read text accurately, quickly, and with expression. |
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Term
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Definition
understanding the meaning of words when
people speak; understanding the meaning of words that are read. |
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Term
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Definition
| The ability to break apart words into their individual phonemes or sounds. |
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Term
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Definition
When the air is completely
blocked before it is expelled, either because the lips come together, as with /p/, or because the tongue touches the upper mouth, as when saying /d/. |
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Term
| systematic error correction |
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Definition
| A method of providing immediate corrective feedback to students by modeling the correct answer or skill, guiding the student to the correct answer as needed, asking students to give the answer independently, and asking students to repeat the correct answer later in the lesson. |
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Term
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Definition
| Instruction that clearly identifies a carefully selected and useful set of skills and then organizes them into a logical sequence of instruction. |
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Term
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Definition
| Sounds that are produced when the vocal cords are vibrating. |
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Term
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Definition
| Sounds that are produced when the vocal cords do not vibrate. |
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Term
| acquisition stage of learning |
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Definition
| First stage of learning a skill when the goal is learning to perform a skill accurately. |
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Term
| fluency stage of learning |
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Definition
| Second stage of learning a skill when the goal is accuracy plus speed. |
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Term
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Definition
| The beginning sound(s) that precede(s) the vowel in a syllable. |
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Term
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Definition
| The smallest unit of sound that is heard in spoken language. |
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Term
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Definition
| The rest of the syllable that contains the vowel and all that follows it. |
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Term
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Definition
| Highly structured lessons within a specific scope and sequence of instruction, often with specified timing and words for the teacher to say. |
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Term
| automatic word recognition |
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Definition
| To decipher words effortlessly; to read regular words without consciously blending the sounds of letters or letter clusters into words. |
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Term
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Definition
| Two or more successive consonants sounded out in sequence without losing their identity. |
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Term
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Definition
| Books in which at least 70% of the words can be sounded out because the letter sounds and combinations comprising these words say their most common sounds. |
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Term
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Definition
| Two successive letters articulated as a single phoneme. |
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Term
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Definition
| Vowel blends in which the first sound appears to glide into the second sound. |
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Term
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Definition
| A written letter or letter combination representing a single speech sound. |
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Term
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Definition
| Words that appear most often in written language. They may be regular words or irregular words. |
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Term
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Definition
| Words that cannot be conventionally sounded out and thus are learned as whole words. |
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Term
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Definition
| Words that contain previously taught letter–sound patterns, enabling the reader to sound out the words. |
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Term
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Definition
| High frequency words students learn recognize without any decoding strategy. |
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Term
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Definition
| Approach first teaches students individual skills (blending, segmenting, letter–sound identification, word reading) before providing practice applying these skills to carefully coordinated reading and writing activities. |
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Term
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Definition
Morphemes attached before or after a base or
root word to modify its meaning. |
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Term
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Definition
The part of the word that establishes the
basic meaning of the word. |
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Term
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Definition
A morpheme that precedes a root or base word
and modifies its meaning. |
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Term
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Definition
The smallest parts of words that have a
distinctive meaning. |
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Term
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Definition
| The part of the word that contains the basic meaning of the word. Cannot stand alone. |
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Term
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Definition
A morpheme added to the end of a root or base
word. |
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Term
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Definition
| A graph line drawn from a student’s current level of performance to a fixed benchmark score. The slope of the line depicts ongoing progress scores needed to meet the final benchmark score. |
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Term
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Definition
| The words and sentences around an unknown word that, along with the reader’s background knowledge, help identify it or explain its meaning. |
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Term
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Definition
The ability to read text accurately, quickly,
and with expression. |
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Term
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Definition
The rise and fall of the voice pitch on a
scale extending from high to low. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Typical performance of a specified population. |
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Term
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Definition
| The ability to read text orally using appropriate phrasing, intonation, and attention to punctuation. |
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Term
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Definition
| A method of reading in which all students in the class read aloud from the same book, regardless of their reading levels. The teacher calls on individuals to read, usually following a predetermined order. |
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Term
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Definition
| Longer and more in-depth assessments that provide detailed information about a student’s skills and instructional needs to help the teacher plan effective instructional support. |
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Term
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Definition
| A meaning that is not literal; the meaning is more picturesque, implying something other than what is said on the surface. |
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Term
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Definition
A speech form or expression that cannot be
understood from the meanings of the separate words comprising it, but instead must be learned as a whole. |
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Term
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Definition
The primary meaning of a word. The
actual meaning. |
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Term
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Definition
| Early success in acquiring reading skills often results in later success in reading because a good reader becomes an even more highly skilled reader, acquiring more vocabulary and background knowledge as a result of reading more; also expressed as “the rich get richer, the poor get poorer.” |
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Term
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Definition
| Brief tests conducted at the start of the school year and designed as a first step in identifying students who may be at a high risk for delayed development or academic failure in the tested skill area. |
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Term
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Definition
| Visual representations of vocabulary that help students establish relationships among new and old words by having students categorize, label the categories, and discuss concepts related to a target word. |
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Term
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Definition
Text that is written to inform, persuade,
or explain; nonfiction writing. |
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Term
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Definition
| The ability to consciously plan, monitor, and select effective strategies when reading for comprehension. |
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Term
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Definition
Text that tells a story or that relates
events or dialogue; fiction. |
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Term
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Definition
| The structure that the story follows. include setting, characters, a problem or problems, plot, resolution, and theme. |
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