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Units 4-7
Test 1
36
Nursing
Undergraduate 4
09/05/2014

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Cards

Term
What is primary prevention?
Definition
strategies emphasize general health promotion, risk factor reduction, and other health protective measures. These strategies include health education and health promotion programs designed to foster healthier lifestyles and environmental health programs designed to improve environmental quality. Specific examples of primary prevention measures include immunization against communicable diseases; public health education about good nutrition, exercise, stress management, and individual responsibility for health; chlorination and filtration of public water supplies; and legislation requiring child restraints in motor vehicles.
Term
What is an example of “the most” upstream thinking?
turning the oxygen on before placing the nasal cannula on the patient
Teaching a COPD patient about the effects of oxygen
Educating 4th graders about the effects of smoking
Screening 4th graders for risks of second hand smoking
Definition
Educating 4th graders about the effects of smoking
Term
Which of the following are examples of primary prevention?
A. scoliosis screening
B. sex education
C. giving Coumadin to prevent complications of atrial fibrillation
D. putting a barrier dressing on a pressure ulcer.
Definition
B. sex education
Term
What is Anthropology?
Definition
QUALITATIVE
The study of humans and humankind, including their origins, behavior, social relationships, physical and mental characteristics, customs, and development though time and in all places in the world.
Term
What is Epidemiology?
Definition
QUANTITATIVE
The study of the distribution and determinants of states of health and illness in human populations. The community replaces the individual as the focus.
Term
What is the epidemiological triad?
Definition
Agent
Environment
Host
Term
What is the agent?
Definition
How intense or vigilant is the agent?
AGENT: How is the virus/bacteria/chemicals/pollution attacking? Is it easily fought off?
Term
What is the host?
Definition
HOST: Who got it? How bad was it? Why was the extent worse than in others? Is there a predisposition?
What was the extent of exposure? What about genetic or immunological susceptibility?
Term
What is the environment?
Definition
Biological, social, political, physical.
Government? Standards of care? Etc.
Term
What is frequency?
Definition
THE AMOUNT OF CASES IN GENERAL
Term
What is rate?
Definition
The amount of cases per a certain amount of people
Term
How do you find rate?
Definition
CASES
------
FULL POPULATION x 100,000
Term
What is incidence?
Definition
The probability that people without the condition will develop the condition over a certain period of time.
Term
What is prevalence?
Definition
The rate of both new and old cases in a designated period of time is the number in the numerator
Term
4000 people live in a city. Since 2000, 600 people have been diagnosed with COPD. Since 2013 100 more people have been diagnosed with COPD.

1) What is the prevalence rate in 2012 out of 1000?
Definition
600/4000 = 0.15 x 1,000 = 150
Term
4000 people live in a city. Since 2000, 600 people have been diagnosed with COPD. Since 2013 100 more people have been diagnosed with COPD.

2) What is the incidence rate today out of 1000?
Definition
100/3,400 = 0.294 x 1,000 = 29.4
DENOMINATOR IN #2 IS 3,400 BECAUSE 600 ALREADY HAVE COPD SO THEY ARE NOT SUCCEPTIBLE
Term
What is the numerator in incidence?
Definition
who died with the specific cause in the last year
Term
What is the denominator in incidence?
Definition
who has the potential of dying with the specific cause in the last year
Term
Why do you want to know specific rates?
Definition
This makes the frequency more descriptive!
Term
What do Specific rates: Who, where and when show us?
Definition
Differences in frequency between groups
Areas of agreement
Variations in data that may present clues for prevention of the condition.
Term
What are the 2 types of research studies in epidemiology?
Definition
1. Observational
2. Interventional
Term
What are the 2 types of observational studies?
Definition
Descriptive- collection of characteristics
Analytical- comparison between groups
Term
What are 2 types of descriptive studies?
Definition
Case Studies
Cross-Sectional Studies
Term
What are 2 types of analytical studies
Definition
Cohort or Prospective (forward)
Case-Control or Retrospective (backward)
Term
What are the 2 types of experimental studies?
Definition
1. Experimental
2. Quasiexperimental
Term
What is an experimental study?
Definition
(Therapeutic trials) usually on secondary prevention. (Random Control Trial)
Term
What is a quasi experimental study?
Definition
usually on primary prevention intervention (non-Random Control Trial)
Term
I am collecting data from hospital records. What type research am I doing?
Definition
b. Retrospective
Term
I am comparing two groups who have had different type education strategies. I am randomly choosing students for the study. What type research best describes this study?
Definition
Experimental
Term
What is a hypothesis?
Definition
there is a statistically significant relationship between ___&___
Term
What is a null hypothesis?
Definition
there is not a statistically significant relationship between ___&___
Term
What is the level of significance?
Definition
P value
Term
What is the p-value?
Definition
calculated probability is the estimated probability of rejecting the null hypothesis (H0) of a study question when that hypothesis is true.
Term
What is the level of significance where you accept the null hypothesis?
Definition
If the level of significance is .05 or p<.05 then a true null hypothesis would be rejected 5 out of 100 times ‘by chance’.
Term
What is a type 1 error?
Definition
a false positive conclusion (rejecting a null hypothesis that is true). Fix: decrease the level of significance
Term
What is a type 2 error?
Definition
a false negative conclusion(accepted a null hypothesis that is false). Fix: larger sample
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