Term
| What does a public health nurse do? |
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Definition
| A synthesis of nursing and public within the context of preventing disease and disability, it involves promoting/protecting public health within the context of preventing disease and disability etc. |
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Term
| What are the three common factors uniting all healthcare system status globally? |
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Definition
a. Assess problems
b. Intervene by developing new policies
c. Ensure that the services are delivered |
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Term
| Discuss healthcare disparity? Who is at risk? What makes Americans vulnerable to healthcare disparity? |
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Definition
a. Racial/ethnic difference in the quality of healthcare that is not due to access related factors or clinical needs, preferences, and appropriateness of interventions.
b. Infant mortality, cancer screening, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, HIV/AIDS, immunizations, mental health, hepatitis, syphilis, TB, minorities. |
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Term
| What is the purpose of PPACA? |
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Definition
| a. Patient protection and affordable care act helps to provide affordable insurance coverage to most Americans, improve access to primary care, and lower costs. |
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Term
| Name some global measures of healthcare? |
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Definition
a. Physical environment
b. Social environment
c. Health behaviors
d. Individual health |
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Term
| What is Global Burden of Disease? What are risk factor categories that are associated with overall health and affect the disease burden? |
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Definition
a. The importance of risks to health and their outcomes in different demographic populations and social settings.
b. Childhood maternal undernutrition
c. Other nutrion related risk factors and inactivity
d. Addictive substances
e. Sexual and reproductive health
f. Environmental Risks |
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Term
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Definition
a. Health-Adjusted Life Expectancy
b. The average number of years a person can expect to live in full health by taking into account years lived in less than full health due to disease and/or injury |
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Term
| What is Individual Health? |
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Definition
| a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity |
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Term
| What is Community or population health? |
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Definition
| The health outcomes of a group of individuals, including the distribution of such outcomes within the group |
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Term
| What is community/population health measured by? |
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Definition
*health outcomes
*patterns of health determinants (health disparities)
*policies and interventions that link these two |
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Term
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Definition
| The science of protecting and improving the health of families and communities through promotion of healthy lifestyles, research for disease and injury prevention and detection and control of infectious diseases |
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Term
| What does individual health DO? |
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Definition
| influences but does not predict societal health |
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Term
| What does population health DO? |
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Definition
| does not predict, but does influence individual health |
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Term
| What does public health DO? |
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Definition
| tends to blend a focus on individual health with concern about public outcomes. |
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Term
| What are the 3 factors that Healthcare status is determined by? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the ability to get into the healthcare system |
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Term
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Definition
| receiving appropriate healthcare in time for the services to be effective |
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Term
| What is a health disparity? |
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Definition
| Gaps in care experienced by one population compared to another. |
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Term
| What are the Problems with current healthcare Delivery in USA? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the goals for health care delivery in the USA? |
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Definition
Making healthcare a right rather than a privilege.
Promotion of health rather than maintaining sick people |
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Term
| Who are the monitors of health? |
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Definition
State and Local governments
Public Health Departments
Centers for Disease Control
Department of Health and Human Services |
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Term
| What role does technology play in the progression of the medicare transition act? |
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Definition
| Care models have demonstrated hat effective care transitions lead to improvements in overall health care quality and result in savings to patients and the US health care system. |
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Term
| What are the Eight Domains Of Public Health Nursing Practice? |
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Definition
Analytic assessment skills
Policy development and program planning skills
Communication skills
Cultural competency skills
Community dimensions of practice skills
Basic public health science skills
Financial planning and management skills
Leadership and systems thinking skills |
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Term
| What is Community-based nursing? |
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Definition
| care given where people work, live or attend school |
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Term
| What is Community health nursing? |
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Definition
| use of systematic processes to deliver care to individuals, families, and community groups with a focus on promoting, preserving protecting and maintaining health. |
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Term
| What is Public health nursing? |
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Definition
| Population based practice, defined as a synthesis of nursing and public health within the context of preventing disease and disability and promoting and protecting the health of the entire community. |
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Term
| What are Social Determinants of health? |
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Definition
| Social conditions in which people live and work. |
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Term
| What is the plan for Americans involving the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (PPACA) signed in 2010? |
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Definition
-Provide affordable insurance coverage for most Americans
-Improve access to primary care
-Lower costs |
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Term
| What are some historical events in community nursing? |
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Definition
1798- US public Health Service
1914- Army and Navy Nurse Corps
1935- Social Security Act
1966-SS act amended with Medicare
1970s- programs (hospice, day cares, abuse programs etc.)
1980s- decline in public health (no funding)
2002- Department of Homeland Security |
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Term
| What are Planning for community Change- 2010-2020? |
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Definition
Behavioral changes
Modifications in the environment
Public policy
Social or cultural norms
Healthcare delivery |
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Term
| What are the goals of Public health internationally? |
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Definition
1) to improve the health of communities rather than individual people
2) Reduction of disease
3) Promotion of health nationally and internationally |
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Term
| What is level 1 of USA Public Health? |
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Definition
| US Department of Health and Human Services (Federal) |
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Term
| What does US Department of Health and Human Services (Federal) regulate? |
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Definition
| food, drugs, devices, occupations, environment |
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Term
| What can the US DOH/HS offer? |
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Definition
Offer grant monies for programs
-Ex: CMS (medicare and caid), WIC |
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Term
| What does the US DOH/HS do for - US citizens and refugees/asylees? |
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Definition
collect assessment information about illness
assure infrastructure/trained personnel is available |
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Term
| What legislation is involved w/ level 1? |
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Definition
Using evidence based research, policies are created
federal government supports research through National Institutes of Health Agency for healthcare Research and Quality CDC |
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Term
| What is level 2 of USA public health? |
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Definition
| Centers for Disease Control and Prevention |
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Term
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Definition
Big data base and statistical information
-Research on illnesses and infectious diseases
-Wealth of information |
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Term
| What is level 3 of USA public health? |
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Definition
| 3) State Department of Health |
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Term
| What does the state department of health do? |
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Definition
administer specific federal public health activities
-different for each state because of political and environmental reasons |
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Term
| What is level 4 of USA public health? |
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Definition
| Social Services, schools, dept. of housing, |
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Term
| What does Social Services, schools, dept. of housing do? |
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Definition
| police and fire, department, parks and recreation, libraries, public transportation system, water and sewer authority. |
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Term
| What does County and City Health do? |
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Definition
| Create their own structure according to local needs |
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Term
| What are the 5 issues with US health care? |
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Definition
) public health focused on individual care instead of community care
2) cure rather than prevention was the focus
3) 15.7% uninsured
4) another 35% underinsured
5) health disparities- despite efforts, the US still has “racial or ethnic difference in the quality of healthcare that is not due to access related factors or clinical needs, preferences, and appropriateness of intervention” (IOM, 2002, p. 2) Usually these people live below the poverty level. |
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Term
| What are we doing to fix US health care? |
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Definition
Healthy people 2020 objectives
Reporting trends in
health status and determinants
utilization of health resources
amount of money spent on healthcare
which citizens are vulnerable
Because of these reports, it is believed that money spent on health education programs, public health programs, health research, and health care itself promote health successes in the US
Prevention oriented approaches are being used (however funds are slashed with fiscal restraints). |
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Term
| How is canada's health care system? |
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Definition
National health program- single payer system-
Canadian Medicare- insurance coverage for all (1968)
Funding comes from personal, sales, and corporate taxes and federal transfer payments
Government has responsibility for what are considered the public health arms of the national institutes of health and others.
Private insurance needed for dental, vision and pharmacy needs
Most powerful member of health care system (not MDs) but administrators who put emphasis on cost and social responsibility
Nurses have little autonomy and often migrate to the US for better pay.
There is a trend toward performing medical and surgical procedures outside the hospital
There is usually a long wait for procedures and surgeries considered non-emergency. |
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Term
| How is france's health care system? |
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Definition
French not happy with their system.
A national health insurances guarantees universal access to 80% of people offering health coverage to wage earners.
A percentage of the funds go toward occupationally specific (physicians, agricultural workers, and students).
Who funds?: 60% of wage earners salaries go into the health insurance
some money from taxes on alcohol and tobacco
More than 80% of the people carry supplemental private insurance
Physicians accept what the government pays and the patient pays the difference
French physicians earn about $55,000 per year (view box 2.1, p. 35 Harkness)
Choice of physician, place of service |
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Term
| How is germany's health care system? |
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Definition
Universal health care system
Funds for healthcare come from ‘sickness funds” financed by private and public sources, combination of employee/employer contributions and government subsidies scaled by need.
They can opt out of the payment at work if they want to purchase private insurance. If private insurance are used, premiums are linked with health status and not income levels.
A commission made up of business, labor, physicians, hospital administration, insurance, and pharmaceutical industries meet annually to discuss reimbursements for each service.
Healthcare benefits include dental, medications, vision, medical treatments, and health spas
Prevention is important with emphasis on youth development and screenings |
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Term
| How is the UK's health care system? |
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Definition
National Health Service (NHS) (all people have health insurance!)
Money comes from taxes (83%), employee contributions (13%) and copays (4%)
All health care will be provided for all permanent residents regardless of age… and access is based on need only.
Choice of physician even if outside the UK
The wait is long!
2/3 of patients are treated in less than 12 weeks
The department of health determines day-to day decisions and implementation of care
Provides primary, long-term inpatient, psychiatric, eye care to all
Hospitals are owned and run b the NHS. Physicians contract through the NHS
Nurses make up the largest group of NHS workers and are paid from 40% of the funds.
Quality of care as compared to the US is questionable |
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Term
| What are factors that help people know whether or not they are healthy? |
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Definition
| disease, how they feel, if they can perform a role like mother or worker, ability to adapt to the disease, ability to function physically, emotionally, and socially |
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Term
| What are factors outside the individual that affect health? |
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Definition
| Environment (fast food, factories, paint, hazardous materials, pesticides), Social determinants (who you hang with, cultural barriers, is health a priority, political policies in health for your area), economic determinants (can I afford or want to afford health) |
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Term
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Definition
| “a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity”. |
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Term
| What are Critical determinants of global health? |
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Definition
1) Physical environment
2) Social environment
3) Health behaviors
4) Individual health-
a. access
b. policies and interventions available |
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Term
| What is The Global Burden of Disease? |
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Definition
| a collection of specific data related to risk factors, health indictors, and health outcomes. These numbers are used to determine the global burden of disease and predict future disease or injury. |
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Term
| What are the risk factors that affect GDB? |
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Definition
| childhood maternal under nutrition, other nutrition related risk factors and inactivity, addictive substances, sexual and reproductive health, environmental |
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Term
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Definition
| most $=less medical need= most healthcare |
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Term
| What is Impoverishing care? |
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Definition
| out of pocket expense causes poverty |
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Term
| What is Fragmented and fragmenting care? |
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Definition
| not a holistic approach; over-specialization |
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Term
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Definition
| unable to assure safe care or ensure standards of care |
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Term
| What is Misdirected care? |
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Definition
| neglect primary prevention and resources are usually just curative services |
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Term
| What are the Morbidity and Mortality rates of a nation? |
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Definition
life expectancy
health life expectancy at birth (HALE)
disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) |
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Term
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Definition
Nutrition
Health behaviors
Environmental factors |
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Term
| What does the World Health Organization use for Health indicators? |
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Definition
1 - Morbidity and Mortality rates of a nation
2 - Risk factors
3 - Health Service Coverage
4 - Health system resources |
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Term
| What are the Millennium Development goals? |
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Definition
1Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger
2 Achieve universal primary education
3 Promote gender equality and empower women
4 Reduce child mortality
5 Improve maternal health
6 HIV/AIDS , malaria, and other diseases
7 Ensure environmental sustainability
8 Develop a goal partnership for development |
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