Term
|
Definition
| Diphtheria is a bacteria which affects the respiratory system, producing a toxin |
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Term
| What are the symptoms of diphtheria? |
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Definition
Weakness
Sore throat
Fever
Swollen glands in the neck |
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Term
| What is the telltale sign of diphtheria? |
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Definition
| Within 3 days a “psuedomembrane” forms across the throat, nasal passageways, voice box and tonsils |
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Term
| What can diphtheria damage? |
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Definition
| It causes breathing distress and if it gets in blood stream causes damage to heart, kidneys and lungs |
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Term
| How is diphtheria spread? |
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Definition
| spreads person to person and is a droplet precaution |
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Term
| How is diphtheria treated? |
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Definition
Diagnosed by the signs and symptoms and a swab culture confirms the bacteria
It is important to start treatment immediately if suspect diphtheria, not waiting for lab results to return!
Treated by: using diphtheria antitoxin to neutralize the toxin produced by the bacteria.
Using antibiotics to kill diphtheria bacteria |
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Term
| When can a diphtheria pt come out of isolation? |
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Definition
| Patient is put into isolation until after 48 hours of antibiotics running |
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Term
| What is pertussis also known as? |
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Definition
| Whooping cough/Bordetella pertussis |
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Term
| What does pertussis do to the lungs? |
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Definition
| Caused by a bacteria that attaches to the cilia that lines the upper respiratory system, releasing toxins that damage said cilia and causes an inflammatory response. |
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Term
| What kind of precaution is pertussis? |
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Definition
| Droplet precaution! People with the disease spread it by sneezing or coughing around others who then inhale the bacteria in the air. |
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Term
| Is there a vaccine for pertussis? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the s/s of pertussis? |
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Definition
Usually starts with cold-like symptoms and a fever.
At 1-2 weeks, a severe cough may develop that can send the infected person into coughing fits which may cause them to vomit or make it hard for them to catch their breath.
Early symptoms include; runny nose, low-grade fever, mild-severe cough, apnea.
Late symptoms include; long, powerful coughing fits, vomiting, exhaustion.
Severity increases at night. |
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Term
| How is pertussis treated? |
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Definition
Antibiotic therapy done within the first week of infection. Antibiotics given any later is near useless since the bacteria is gone from you body but the damage they caused remains.
Use of a mist vaporizer to loosen secretions and soothe the cough.
Keep up your fluids.
Small frequent meals to help with vomitting. |
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Term
| What is another name for tetanus? |
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Definition
| (Lockjaw)/Clostridium tenani |
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Term
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Definition
| Enters the body through a wound |
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Term
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Definition
| Produced in the intestines and feces of animals (cows, sheep, chickens, horses, ect.), soil, contaminated heroin, and skin surfaces |
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Term
| How does tetanus effect the body? |
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Definition
| The tetanus toxins interfere with the release of neurotransmitters and blocks inhibitor impulses |
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Term
| What are the symptoms of tetanus? |
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Definition
Painful tightening/spasms of the muscles all over the body
Can lead to the locking of the jaw, which results in the patients inability to open their mouth or swallow |
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Term
| How is tetanus prevented? |
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Definition
| Vaccines are used to prevent Tetanus in children, adolescents, and adults: |
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Term
|
Definition
Children younger than 7 yrs old receive:
Dtap, and DT (does not contain Pertussis vaccine)
Dtap- 5 doses at 2,4,6, and 15-18 months, and at 4-6 yrs old |
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Term
|
Definition
Given to children older than 7 and adults receive:
Tdap, and Td (does not contain Pertussis vaccine)
Women should receive Tdap during each of their pregnancies (recommended in the third trimester)
Td is given as a booster every 10 yrs; single dose of Tdap |
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Term
|
Definition
Wound management
Tetanus immune globulin:
removes unbound tetanus toxins from the system |
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Term
|
Definition
Highly contagious respiratory disease
Caused by the measles virus
Disease is also known as rubeola |
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Term
| What does measles cause in pregnancy? |
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Definition
| miscarriage or preterm birth |
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Term
| What are the s/s of measles? |
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Definition
Blotchy rash
Fever
Cough
Runny nose
Conjuctivitis
Koplik’s spots |
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Term
| What are Koplick's Spots? |
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Definition
tiny white spots
with bluish-white centers found
inside the mouth |
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Term
|
Definition
| Measles is spread through droplet transmission from the nose, throat, and mouth of someone who is infected with the virus. |
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Term
| How is measles prevented? |
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Definition
Combination MMR (measles, mumps, and rubella) vaccine
Live, attenuated (weakened) |
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Term
| What are the 2 types of measles vaccines? |
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Definition
- 2 shots: the measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine AND the varicella vaccine
- 1 shot: the measles, mumps, rubella, and varicella (MMRV) vaccine |
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Term
| What is Haemophilus Influenzae type B? |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| respiratory droplet spread |
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Term
| What are the symptoms of HIB? |
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Definition
Fever and chills
Mental status changes
Nausea and vomiting
Sensitivity to light (photophobia)
Severe headache
Stiff neck (meningismus) |
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Term
| How is meningitis confirmed? |
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Definition
Blood culture
Chest x-ray
CT scan of the head
culture of CSF
spinal tap |
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Term
| Is there a vaccine for HIB/meningitis? |
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Definition
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Term
| How is meningitis treated? |
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Definition
Antibiotics should be given as soon as possible. Ceftriaxone is one of the most commonly used antibiotics. Ampicillin may sometimes be used.
Corticosteroids may be used to fight inflammation, especially in children. |
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Term
| Who does not get the meningitis vaccine? |
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Definition
| Children older than 5 and adults do not need to get Hib vaccine unless they have certain medical conditions (HIV, sickle cell) |
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Term
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Definition
| Hepatitis A is a highly contagious liver infection caused by the Hep A Virus. |
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Term
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Definition
Most likely to contract Hepatitis A from contaminated food or water or from close contact with some who’s infected.
Hep A can also be contracted by the ingestion of fecal matter, even in microscopic amounts. |
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Term
| What are the symptoms of hep a? |
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Definition
Fatigue
N/V
Abdominal pain or discomfort especially on the patient’s right side beneath the lower ribs
Clay colored bowel movements
Loss of appetite
Low grade fever
Dark urine
Joint pain
Yellowing of the skin and eyes (jaundice). |
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Term
| What is the treatment for hep a? |
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Definition
-rest
-cope w/ n/v
-rest liver
-avoid sex
-don't prepare food for others while infected |
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Term
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Definition
| Blood tests are used to detect the presence of Hep A. |
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Term
| Who gets the Hep A vaccine? |
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Definition
Vaccines are available for long term prevention in people 1 year of age and older.
Vaccination is recommended for travelers and other people who are going to be in close proximity of others and their bodily fluids. |
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Term
| What are the symptoms of norovirus? |
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Definition
Diarrhea, abdominal pain and vomiting typically begin 24 to 48 hours after exposure.
Norovirus symptoms last one to three days, and most people recover completely without treatment.
N/V, Abdominal pain, cramps, Watery or loose diarrhea, Malaise, Low-grade fever, Muscle pain |
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Term
| How is norovirus transmitted? |
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Definition
through food or water that is contaminated by fecal matter during preparation.
You can also be infected through close contact with an infected person. |
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Term
| Where does norovirus usually occur? |
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Definition
| closed and crowded environments such as hospitals, nursing homes, schools and cruise ships. |
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Term
| How is norovirus treated? |
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Definition
No specific treatment
fluid replacement and diarrhea |
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Term
|
Definition
Found in the intestinal flora of people and animals.
Usually harmless but can be pathogenic
Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC)
BACTERIA |
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Term
| How is e.coli transmitted? |
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Definition
Infections start when you swallow STEC
Contaminated food
Unpasteurized (raw) milk
Water that has not been disinfected
Contact with cattle
Contact with the feces of infected people. |
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Term
| What are the symptoms of e.coli? |
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Definition
| severe stomach cramps, diarrhea (often bloody), vomiting |
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Term
| What is the major complication of e.coli? |
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Definition
Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome (HUS)
lethargy, abdominal tenderness, bruising (purpura), swelling, or dehydration, decreased or absent urine output (oligoanuria), or an elevated white blood cell count (WBC) |
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Term
| What is the treatment for e.coli? |
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Definition
Rehydration via fluids or IV therapy
Antibiotic therapy is controversial
Linked with an increase risk of HUS.
Should only be used for subsequent sepsis or bacteremia |
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Term
|
Definition
Wash your hands after using the bathroom or changing a diaper!
Cook meats thoroughly!
Avoid raw milk, unpasteurized dairy products, and unpasteurized juices
AVOID swallowing water when swimming or playing in lakes, ponds, streams, swimming pools, and backyard “kiddie” pools.
PREVENT cross contamination in food preparation areas by thoroughly washing hands, counters, cutting boards, and utensils after they touch raw meat. |
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Term
| What is leggionaire's disease? |
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Definition
| Legionnaires’ disease is caused by a type of bacteria called Legionella. The bacteria is found naturally in water. |
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Term
| what are the symptoms of leggionaire's disease? |
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Definition
Common S&S:
Cough
SOB
High fever
Muscle aches
HA
Symptoms usually begin 2-14 days after being exposed to bacteria |
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Term
| How is legionnaire's transmitted? |
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Definition
Hot tubes, Cooling towers , Hot water tanks , Large plumbing systems , Decorative fountains
Do not seem to grow in car or window air-conditioners |
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Term
| What kind of precaution is legionaries? |
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Definition
The bacteria is not spread from one person to another person.
Example: breathing in droplets sprayed from a hot tub that has not been properly cleaned. |
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Term
| How is legionnaire's treated? |
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Definition
Antibiotics
Hospitalization is often required
Death is 5-30%
Most people will have pneumonia since the bacteria grow and thrive in the lungs |
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Term
|
Definition
The Clap.
Infection caused by sexually transmitted bacteria
Can infect both males and females
It can affect all parts of the body with the most common being the urethra, rectum, throat, or in females the cervix |
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Term
| What are the symptoms of gonorrhea? |
|
Definition
causes no symptoms usually BUT:
IN MALES: burning when urinating, yellow, white, or green discharge from the penis, and less common they may have swollen testes.
In females: burning or pain on urination, increased vaginal discharge, and/or vaginal bleeding in between periods. |
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Term
| What are the complications of gonorrhea? |
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Definition
| babies can be infected during childbirth if mom is infected and the infection mostly manifests in the eyes of the infant. |
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Term
| How can you prevent the spread of gonorrhea? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the anal symptoms of gonorrhea? |
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Definition
| discharge, anal itching, soreness, bleeding, or painful bowel movements. |
|
|
Term
| What is the treatment for e.coli? |
|
Definition
Rehydration via fluids or IV therapy
Antibiotic therapy is controversial
Linked with an increase risk of HUS.
Should only be used for subsequent sepsis or bacteremia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Wash your hands after using the bathroom or changing a diaper!
Cook meats thoroughly!
Avoid raw milk, unpasteurized dairy products, and unpasteurized juices
AVOID swallowing water when swimming or playing in lakes, ponds, streams, swimming pools, and backyard “kiddie” pools.
PREVENT cross contamination in food preparation areas by thoroughly washing hands, counters, cutting boards, and utensils after they touch raw meat. |
|
|
Term
| What is leggionaire's disease? |
|
Definition
| Legionnaires’ disease is caused by a type of bacteria called Legionella. The bacteria is found naturally in water. |
|
|
Term
| what are the symptoms of leggionaire's disease? |
|
Definition
Common S&S:
Cough
SOB
High fever
Muscle aches
HA
Symptoms usually begin 2-14 days after being exposed to bacteria |
|
|
Term
| How is legionnaire's transmitted? |
|
Definition
Hot tubes, Cooling towers , Hot water tanks , Large plumbing systems , Decorative fountains
Do not seem to grow in car or window air-conditioners |
|
|
Term
| What kind of precaution is legionaries? |
|
Definition
The bacteria is not spread from one person to another person.
Example: breathing in droplets sprayed from a hot tub that has not been properly cleaned. |
|
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Term
| How is legionnaire's treated? |
|
Definition
Antibiotics
Hospitalization is often required
Death is 5-30%
Most people will have pneumonia since the bacteria grow and thrive in the lungs |
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|
Term
|
Definition
The Clap.
Infection caused by sexually transmitted bacteria
Can infect both males and females
It can affect all parts of the body with the most common being the urethra, rectum, throat, or in females the cervix |
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Term
| What are the symptoms of gonorrhea? |
|
Definition
causes no symptoms usually BUT:
IN MALES: burning when urinating, yellow, white, or green discharge from the penis, and less common they may have swollen testes.
In females: burning or pain on urination, increased vaginal discharge, and/or vaginal bleeding in between periods. |
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Term
| What are the complications of gonorrhea? |
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Definition
| babies can be infected during childbirth if mom is infected and the infection mostly manifests in the eyes of the infant. |
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Term
| How can you prevent the spread of gonorrhea? |
|
Definition
|
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Term
| What are the anal symptoms of gonorrhea? |
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Definition
| discharge, anal itching, soreness, bleeding, or painful bowel movements. |
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Term
| How is gonorrhea treated? |
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Definition
Gonorrhea can be treated and cured. However, there are some resistant strains of the bacteria.
Should take all the medication and wait until course of treatment has been completed before resuming sexual activities.
The Mayo Clinic suggests that many antibiotics can be used but some of the most common are Rochephin, Zithromax, and gentamicin. |
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Term
| What are the complications of gonorrhea? |
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Definition
| PID, ectopic pregnancy, infertility, and scar tissue in the fallopian tube. |
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Term
|
Definition
Syphilis is a STI that can cause long-term complications if not treated correctly
Syphilis is caused by the bacterium Treponema pallidum |
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Term
| What is the primary stage of syphilis? |
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Definition
You may notice a single sore but there may be multiple sores
The sore is the location where syphilis entered your body
Easy to cure in early stages |
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Term
| What is the secondary stage of syphilis? |
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Definition
Skin rashes and/or sores in your mouth, vagina, or anus
Usually starts with a rash on one or more areas of your body
The rash can show up when your primary sore is healing or several weeks after the sore has healed |
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Term
| What is the latent stage of syphilis? |
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Definition
Begins when all of the symptoms you had earlier disappear
If you do not receive treatment, you can continue to have syphilis in your body for years without any signs or symptoms. |
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Term
| How is syphilis transmitted? |
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Definition
Syphilis is transmitted by direct contact with a syphilis sore during vaginal, anal, or oral sex
Syphilis can also be spread from an infected mother to her unborn baby |
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Term
|
Definition
Syphilis is simple to cure with appropriate antibiotics from a physician
Persons treated for syphilis must abstain from sexual contact with new partners until the syphilis sores are completely healed. |
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Term
|
Definition
Progressive failure of immune system
Allows life threatening opportunistic infections and cancers it thrive |
|
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Term
|
Definition
Fever Sore throat
Headache Mouth or genital ulcers
Muscle aches. Night sweats
Rash Mouth or genital ulcers
Swollen lymph glands. |
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Term
| What is the primary infection stage of HIV? |
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Definition
| The majority of people infected by HIV develop a flu-like illness within a month or two after the virus enters the body. This illness, known as primary or acute HIV infection, may last for a few weeks. Possible signs and symptoms include: |
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Term
|
Definition
Blood (including menstrual blood)
Semen
Vaginal secretions
Breast milk
Blood contains the highest concentration of the virus, followed by semen, followed by vaginal fluids, followed by breast milk. |
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Term
| What bodily fluids are not infected? |
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Definition
Saliva
Tears
SweatFeces
Urine |
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Term
| What are the treatments of HIV? |
|
Definition
NO CURE!
There are currently five different "classes" of HIV drugs. Each class of drug attacks the virus at different points in its life cycle— typically, AIDS patients will take 3 different antiretroviral drugs from 2 different classes.
This regimen is standard for HIV care. No drug can cure HIV, and taking a single drug won’t stop HIV.
AZT |
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Term
|
Definition
| Genital Herpes is caused by herpes simplex 1 and herpes simplex 2 viruses (HSV-2) |
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Term
|
Definition
Herpes is spread through oral, vaginal, or anal sex
There is no cure for herpes; however, the symptoms can be treated |
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Term
| What are the symptoms of herpes? |
|
Definition
Tingling, itching, or burning
Sores (fluid filled blisters)
Problems urinating (with genital herpes)
Possible flu-like symptoms
An accompanying eye infection (about 6 weeks after for genital herpes) |
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Term
| What is the treatment of herpes? |
|
Definition
Acyclovir- 400 mg oral TID for 7-10 days
Famciclovir- 250 mg oral TID for 7-10 days
Valacyclovir- 1 g oral BID for 7-10 days |
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Term
|
Definition
The only way to avoid any STD is to not have vaginal, anal, or oral sex
If you are sexually active, you can lower your chances by:
Only having sexual intercourse with a monogamous partner who is negative for STDs
Using a latex condom the right way every time you have sex |
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Term
|
Definition
| Infection that causes warts and some forms cause cancer of the cervix |
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Term
| What are the symptoms of HPV? |
|
Definition
Most people who have it don’t have any symptoms
90% of those who have it their body's immune system clears it within 2 years
Can cause genital warts which appear as small bump or group of bump
Cervical cancer
usually no symptoms |
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Term
|
Definition
Most commonly passes during vaginal or anal sex but also through childbirth
Can be passed even when an infected has no signs or symptoms
Anyone who is sexually active can get HPV, even if you have only had sex with one person
Can develop symptoms years after you are infected by someone else |
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Term
| What medications treat HPV? |
|
Definition
Salicylic acid
Imiquimod (Aldara, Zyclara)
Helps your immune system fight HPV
Podofilow (Condylox)
Destroys genital wart tissue
Trichloroacetic acid
Chemical burns genital warts |
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Term
| What treats HPV surgically? |
|
Definition
Freezing with liquid nitrogen
Burning with electrical current
Surgical removal
Laser surgery
HPV Vaccine recommended for boys until age 21 and girls until age 26 |
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Term
| How is chicken pox spread? |
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Definition
| Chickenpox is transmitted from person to person by directly touching the blisters, saliva or mucus of an infected person. The virus can also be transmitted through the air by coughing and sneezing. Chickenpox can be spread indirectly by touching contaminated items freshly soiled, such as clothing, from an infected person. Direct contact with the blisters of a person with shingles can cause chickenpox in a person who has never had chickenpox and has not been vaccinated. Blisters that are dry and crusted are no longer able to spread chickenpox. |
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