Term
| CS: explicitly anti-realist (Wilsonian). assumptions, self help |
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Definition
| starting assumption: states behave according to dictates of realism. aim of CS is to move beyond self-help world |
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Term
| CS premise 1: reject use of force |
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Definition
Force as a last resort. Implies there are non-militaristic channels (diplomacy, economic sanctions) due to interdependence.
Problem: state-centric approach (but see terrorism, piracy and intrastate conflict, 90% conflicts today) |
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Term
| CS premise 2: act outside of narrow self interest |
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Definition
In order to enforce 1). Implies existence of common goals (lib. inst.) or identities (constructivism).
Problems:
- conflict in interests (Korea, Georgia). Even lib. instit. admit that benefits from acting in self-interest must be outweighed by by benefits from common goals.
- geography: see Haiti and Balkans v Rwanda |
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Term
| CS premise 3: renounce independent military action |
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Definition
institutionalisation of conflict resolution
Problems:
- commitment of troops: VIII, 43 (conscribing of national troops) never enforced. Inherent imbalance, burden on stronger countries (free-riding)
- Int. law: not strong enough to undergird CS (see non-application of VIII, 43)
- UN not in line with geopolitical structure. Power dynamics misrepresented in structure of SC |
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Term
| CS problem: state-centric, militaristc approach to security v 92 SRMIPS |
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Definition
| - undermines threat of non-state actors and intra-state conflicts, as well as negative externalities of environmental misconduct (but see 92 Summit on Responsibilities in Maintenance of IPS) |
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Term
| Human Security: Yuen Foong Khong and MacFarlane |
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Definition
| Individual human beings as only irreducible focus of IR. Incompatible with sate-centric approach of UN charter |
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Term
| HS state security 1: State security: Westphalian system (17th) |
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Definition
| - State as credible unit, tradeoff between it being main unit for security and it providing security for individual. |
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Term
| HS State security 2: industrial revolution |
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Definition
Tradeoff worsens:
- war becomes mass affair. airstrikes mean civilians targeted behind trenches
- States being killing its own civilians
- Rise in ethnic conflict: people killed for who they are, not what they do (soldier) |
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Term
| CS State security 3: Charles Tilly and instrumental state sovereignty |
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Definition
| State sovereignty initially justified on basis of protection of individuals and communities from harm. Premised on instrumental (not intrinsic) value |
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Term
| HS theory: broadening of focus on state. Horizontal and vertical (upwards and downwards) |
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Definition
Horizontal: other issue-areas than security (economy, environment, health, religion). Expansion of core values of welfare
- Vertically: shift from state both upwards (regional, global identities) and downards (ethnic/religious groups, and individual) |
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Term
| HS: definition. Value derived form human sovereignty |
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Definition
| Value of claims by any other subjects (group, community, state, religion, globe) derived solely from sovereignty of the individual |
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Term
| HS: proponents and 'adversaries' |
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Definition
| Japan, Canada, Switzerland, Norwar v US, Russia, China (challenge to state prerogatives) |
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Term
| HS and UN 1: Terminology v Content |
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Definition
| conflicts with notion of state sovereignty, but present in spirit in preamble to charter, and used in res. 1296/1265, protection of civilians) |
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Term
| HS and UN 2: History. Cold War |
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Definition
Rigidification (clear state bias in superpower conflict).
Progress: Nuremberg trials, Convention on Refugees (69), Geneva Convention
But end of CW pivotal in allowing ideational shift to HS |
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Term
| HS and UN 3: History. 3rd world and irony |
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Definition
| Emerging state from decolonised states profess sensitivity to ideal of state sovereignty in GA. Ironic considering abuse of peoples which occurred under colonial period (DRC) |
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Term
| HS and UN 4: forum for debate |
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Definition
| slow integration of HS into international society through conventions and summits |
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Term
| HS post 9/11: Guantanamo and Chechnya |
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Definition
| Bush doctrine tipped balance away from HS: deviance from Geneva convention in Guantanamo + Russia and rules of war/OSCE agreements in Chechnya |
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Term
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Definition
| Relativity: seclusion of women in Islam. reaction: threat to HS (of religion) for some, promotion for others. |
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Term
| HS problem 2: scope ('when every human malady is construed as a security threat, nothing is a security threat') |
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Definition
violence, economy, environment (developmental issues)?
Foong Khong/MacFarlane: inclusive definition detracts from value of security |
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Term
| HS as qualification ≠ redefinition of sovereignty |
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Definition
| RtoP meant to motivate international community to rebuild states when they fail in their duty to protect. Main unit remains the state (common to ICISS, CHS and HLP reports) |
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Term
| HS negative consequences: consolidation of fledgling states, excuse, reconstruction |
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Definition
- Jeapordises efforts of new states
- excuse for intervention: Iraq (human hardship was result of UN sanctions)
- post-conflict reconstruction is complex and risky |
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Term
| HS Responsibility to Protect Doctrine |
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Definition
- 2001: International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty
2005: reaffirmed in World Summit (peaceful means and chap VII, use of force implicit)
- Genocide, war crimes, crimes against humanity, ethnic cleansing |
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Term
| HI legitimacy 1 Charter v Preamble |
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Definition
I, 2 (both UN and states refrain from sovereignty/domestic affairs)
v preamble (reaffirmation of human rights) |
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Term
| HI legitimacy 2: DIIDAS v RtoP |
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Definition
| 65 Declaration of Inadmissability if Intervention in the Domestic Affairs of States v RtoP (01 and 05) |
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Term
| HI legitimacy 3: 1999 Kofi Annan |
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Definition
| UN taking action against human rigths violations: 1/3 3 ways, West v LA, African/Arab states, Russia, China, India |
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Term
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Definition
Force as last resort
Overwhelming Humanitarian emergency
Proportional response
More lives save through HI than not
Multilateral authorisation from instit. |
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Term
| HI Classicist v Legal realist |
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Definition
C: original intention of treaty is crucial, should be respected till expiry (I, 2)
LR: original intention has no intrinsic authority: legality of HI depends on contemporary attitude (Somalia, Kosovo) |
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Term
| HI Illegality v Illegitimacy (Kosovo) |
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Definition
| International Commission on Kosovo: 'Illegal but legitimate' + retrospective ratification by SC |
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Term
| HI objection 1: selectivity and vested interest |
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Definition
- Haiti + Balkans v Rwanda, Darfur
- But importance of some vested interest: long term commitment to reconstruction (regionalism?) |
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Term
| HI objection 2 risk of abuse and erosion of int. law |
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Definition
| Kosovo erodes int. law and undermines SC. HI made Iraq easier for Bush |
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Term
| HI objection 3: secessionist movements |
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Definition
| HI can fuel them by encouraging results of previous interventions (Darfuri secession movements and previous intervention in Sudan) |
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Term
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Definition
| Necessarily duplicitous: one nation/ethnicity is arbitrarily preferred (Croatians also committed atrocities in Serbian conflict) |
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Term
| HI and Justification: Liberia v Iraq 91 |
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Definition
| Internal conflicts increasingly being seen as threat to IPS. But either consent from governments involved (Libera, DRC) or couched in other terms (Kurds 1991: refugee flows) |
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Term
| HI motive v technique (Sierra Leone 97) |
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Definition
| Clare Short: problem is one of motive, not technique. Sierra Leone: ad hoc intervention by British (originally aimed at extracting British nationals) was successful |
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Term
| HI pre-1990 uni-lateral intervention (Indio-Pakistani conflict 1971) |
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Definition
| Teson: 71, East Pakistan calls for independence (dominated econ. by W Pak). Pak army moves in, 1m dead, 10m refugees to India. India forces Pak out and declares independent Bangladesh |
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Term
| UN Origins: the 4 policemen, integrating realist thought (SC) with liberal legitimacy (GA) |
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Definition
Attempt at integrating USSR into world order: hope it would 'Finlandise' (domestic sovereignty, FP subject to Soviet approval) ≠ Bolshevise Eastern Europe
Realist: veto, implicit mandate given to Great Powers to organise international order
Liberal legitimacy: Universality of GA |
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Term
| UN CW and Collective Security: paralysis |
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Definition
| During CW, SC effectively paralysed, and by proxy, so was upholding of CS (proxy wars). Any useful evaluation of CS should occur post-1990 |
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Term
| UN CW SC paralysis: vetoes and greater role for GA |
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Definition
- 279 1945-90 vs 18 1990-2005
- GA: condeming actions with retrospective SC ratification |
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Term
| UN CW and Peacekeeping (see Suez 56) |
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Definition
Non-threatening, impartial, consent, minimum force. Avoids superpower veto.
Suez: UNEF I, only on Egyptian soil |
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Term
| UN CW and Peace enforcing |
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Definition
| Korea (1950): wrong China and Soviet Boycott |
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Term
| UN CW uni-lateral interventions |
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Definition
- Covert interventions in LA
- India in East Pakistan 1971 |
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Term
| UN post-CW broader understanding: election monitoring, sanction regimes, peace enforcement, peace building |
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Definition
- EM: Angola, Haiti, Iraq, Afghanistan
- mandatory sanction regimes: Iran, Iraq
- PE (Desert Shield/Storm, Restore Hope in Somalia)
- PB: rehabilitating states ≠ policing ceasefires. Heavy footprint (E Timor) v light footprint (Afghanistan) + see Bosnia paradigmatic |
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Term
| UN post-CW 'Mission Creeping' |
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Definition
| Blurring of line between PK/PE (self-defence v 'all necessary force'). Stems from Bosnia, attacks on PKers (Bosnia, Somalia) expands mandate |
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Term
| UN post-CW misleading? Figures |
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Definition
| 93-98: 7/16 new PK ops offshoots of previous missions + PK budget decreased by 2/3rds (disillusionment Somalia, Rwanda) |
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Term
| UN post-CW new threats: Internal conflicts, humanitarian crises, support for democracy (SRMIPS) |
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Definition
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Term
| UN post- CW First Gulf War |
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Definition
91: Res 688 also recognises Kurdish pb (but couched in terms of refugee flows, avoid codification of HI to avoid abuse)
Success: CS yes (didn't overstep UN mandate and go to Baghdad) HI short-term |
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Term
| UN post-CW Somalia 92 and 'Somalia Syndrome'/Mogadishu line |
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Definition
Deep crisis begins jan91, UNOSOM I aug92 (UNITAF, UNOSOM II)
idyosincratic case: HI didn't violate sovereignty. described as one-off at the time. Highlights cost of HI |
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Term
| UN post-CW Yugoslavia 1 (Slovenia/Croatia 91) |
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Definition
Slovenia 10 days, Croatia: serb minotities + muslims + croats
UNPROFOR: enforcement of Serb withdrawal and protectorate of Serb areas |
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Term
| UN post-CW Yugoslavia 2 (Bosnia/Macedonia 92), IFOR and paradigm of peace building |
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Definition
Not safe under Milosevic. Immediately recognised by Germany so CS ≠ HI
UN between need for impartiality and reaction to Serbian violations
NATO: defend no-fly zones and UNPROFOR, US involved in Dayton Accords |
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Term
| UN post-CW Rwanda (94): Arusha, Akazu (CRD), UNAMIR. Too little, too late |
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Definition
civil war 1990, RPF+FAR forced into Arusha tlks 92 while akuza plan genocide
93: UNAMIR, but reduced 2500 to 270 in APril 94. Increased to 5500, but ejected by new Tutsi government (96). |
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Term
| UN post-CW Kosovo (99): 1199, KFOR, UNMIK, 1244 |
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Definition
1199 denounces repression of Kosovar Albanian. no explicit legitimation of force. Blair pushes 'on behalf of the world' (false). tacit legitimation with 1244 78 days later.
NATO: HI, UN did PB (// Afghanistan) |
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Term
| UN Post-CW DRC (99) 1: History and figures |
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Definition
Human rights abuses by Belgian crown 1908. Zaire independence 60s: most under-prepared ever (no educated elite): civil war
200 ethnic groups, 6 parties involved in Lusaka 99 (DRC, Zimbabwe, Rwanda, Uganda, Angola, Namibia) |
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Term
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Definition
Mobutu (embezzled aid, tolerated by US CW)
Laurent Kabila (97): assassinated 01
Joseph Kabila (elected as president 06) |
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Term
| UN post-CW DRC 3: conflict |
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Definition
Paul Collier: over resources, not ideology
by 99, DRC in 3 segments (Ugandan North, Uganda-Rwandan East)
July 99: Lusaka talks, MONUC, continuing violence by Hutu militias + UN troops |
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Term
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Definition
| MONUC can hardly be blamed (apart from abuses): complexity of situation. Interesting that it represents largest PKing force, no direct vested interest by Great Powers |
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Term
| UN post-CW Afghanistan 01 (Enduring Freedom, Moshtarak 09) |
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Definition
| Permitted by SC, NATO takes over after initial surge. Note length of conflict |
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Term
| UN post-CW Iraq 03: Waltzian BoP, 1441 |
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Definition
US unilateral approval from Congress 02. other SC members balance by veto, France by veto of NATO guarantee of Turkey (and foreign minister speeches).
Non-Aligned Movement (Feb 03): opposes use of froce (2/3 UN membership, 50% pop, 114 states) |
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Term
| UN Evaluation 1: New World Order and Hope for UN |
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Definition
| Largely based on success of Gulf War, which itself was more of a coincidence in historical circumstances than an indication of emerging trend (US vested interest) |
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Term
| UN Evaluation 2 Failure: Finance |
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Definition
| Lack of autonomy. 94: 17/184 states met financial contributions on time |
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Term
| UN Evaluation 3 Failure: Political will |
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Definition
| Somalia, Rwanda. Clinton Presidential Decision Directive 25 (PDD): limits commitment to PKing, posits need for US to win wars unilaterally |
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Term
| UN Evaluation 3 Failure: sovereignty v justice (state/human security) |
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Definition
| Affects reactivity/authority. Clearly visible in Croatia (Serbs called UN bluff) |
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Term
| UN Evaluation 4 Failure: geopolitics v UN structure |
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Definition
| The idea that states are sovereign equals must be abandoned. Elevates France past India, and non-permanent members past Germany |
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Term
| UN Evaluation Theories: Realist |
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Definition
'Self Help' leads to inconsistency and partiality in SC
- Haiti received bigger response than the imperative called for relative to other crises
- Russia in Georgia, US in Iraq |
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Term
| UN Evaluation Theories: Liberal |
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Definition
| Difficulty of garnering domestic support for far off initiatives. UN should avoid conflict through shared ties+increased information flow |
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Term
| UN Evaluation: Regional institutions? understanding v vested interest |
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Definition
- Better understanding of dynamics + personal ties with actors involved
- Ill suited to conflict resolution (ASEAN based on trade) and stand to benefit from outcome (Af Union in Angolan civil war, paralysis due to lack of agreement on desirable outcome) |
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