Term
| What does the acronym CAN’Ts mean in relation to anticholinergics? |
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Definition
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Term
| Define the term anticholinergic. |
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Definition
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Term
| When are cholinergic agents used? |
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Definition
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Term
| When are cholinergic agents contraindicated? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does the acronym SLUDGE mean in relation to cholinergics? |
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Definition
Effects of cholinergic stimulation causes increased:
Salivation
Lacrimation/Lactation
Urination
Diaphoresis/Digestion/Diarrhea
GI peristalsis is increased
Edema/Emesis |
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Term
| Define Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder (ADHD). |
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Definition
dysregulation of the transmitters serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine.
Characterized by inattentiveness, inability to concentrate, restlessness, hyperactivity, impulsivity, inability to complete tasks
Usually diagnosed prior to age 7, predominantly in boys |
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Term
| How is ADHD associated with the disregulation of neurotransmitters? Be specific. |
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Definition
| Caused by a disregulation of the transmitters serotonin, dopamine & norepinephrine |
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Term
| How is ADHD treated and what are some nursing interventions associated with this treatment? |
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Definition
amphetamine-like drugs first (Ritalin)
amphetamines second (Adderall)
Neither s/b be taken in the evening or before bedtime, because insomnia may result.
**Record height, weight, and growth of children.**
Monitor vital signs. Report irregularities. |
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Term
| Explain the receptor sites within the adrenergic system and what reactions they cause. |
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Definition
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Term
| Explain the receptor sites within the cholinergic system and what reactions they cause |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Discuss the protocol (nursing interventions) for administering amphetamines to patients. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Discuss nursing interventions related to anorexic agents. |
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Definition
| short-term use (4 to 12 weeks) |
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Term
| Discuss side effects related to anorexic agents. |
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Definition
| Severe side effects as nervousness, restlessness, irritability, insomnia, heart palpitations, and hypertension |
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Term
| What are the primary uses of Atropine? |
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Definition
-as a preop med to decrease salivary secretions
-antispasmodic drug to treat peptic ulcers (relaxes the smooth muscle of the GI tract and decreases peristalsis)
-an agent to increase heart rate when bradycardia is present. |
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Term
| What is the relationship between Cholinesterase Inhibitors and early stage Alzheimer’s Dementia |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the potential adverse effects of narcotics? How is this treated? |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe Extra Pyramidal Symptoms. |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe the disorders associated with EPS. |
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Definition
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Term
| List sedative and hypnotic agents (the most common ones). |
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Definition
short-acting barb Seconal
ultrashort-acting barb Pentothal
benzos - Restoril, Ativan, Valium |
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Term
| State the desired effect and side effects of sedative and hypnotic agents (the most common ones) |
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Definition
Sedatives diminishe physical and mental responses and does not affect consciousness. (daytime)
Increasing the drug dose can produce a hypnotic effect (sleep)
Very high doses of sedative-hypnotic drugs results in anesthesia. |
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Term
| What is a Benzodiazepine? |
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Definition
| multiple uses as anticonvulsants, sedative-hypnotics, preoperative drugs, and anxiolytics. |
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Term
| What is Benzodiazepine used for? |
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Definition
| hypnotic used to reduce anxiety, treat insomnia |
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Term
| What is the antidote for Benzodiazepine overdose? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the difference between typical and atypical antidepressants. |
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Definition
Atypical antipsychotics have decreased side effects
Used instead of traditional typical antipsychotics as first-line therapy. |
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Term
| List examples of typical antidepressants. |
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Definition
| phenothiazines and nonphenothiazines. Nonphenothiazines include butyrophenones, dibenzoxazepines, dihydroindolones, and thioxanthenes. |
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Term
| List examples of atypical antidepressants |
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Definition
Bupropion (Wellbutrin)
Venlafaxine (Effexor) |
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Term
| What is spinal anesthesia? |
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Definition
| a local anesthetic be injected in the subarachnoid space at the third or fourth lumbar space. |
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Term
| What are nursing interventions for a patient who has had spinal anesthesia? |
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Definition
| PREVENT HA, HYPOTENSION D/T A LEAK OF CSF AT THE NEEDLE INSERTION SITE KEEP THE PATIENT FLAT FOR 6-8 HOURS AND INCREASE FLUIDS |
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Term
| Describe the Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the relationship between adrenergic receptors and adrenergic blockers within the ANS? |
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Definition
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Term
| Define Sympatholytic vs. Sympathomimetic? |
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Definition
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Term
| How are Sympatholytic and Sympathomimetic related to Norepinephrine? |
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Definition
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Term
| Define Cholinesterase Inhibitors. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What is Propanalol HCL’s primary use? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the contraindications for administration of Propanalol HCL? |
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Definition
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Term
| Differentiate between the Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor (SSRI) and Tricyclic Antidepressant (TCA) in the treatment of depression. |
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Definition
| SSRIs are more commonly used to treat depression than are the TCAs. They are more costly but have fewer side effects than TCAs. |
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Term
| Define Lithium and its use in Bi-polar Affective Disorder. |
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Definition
Effective in controlling manic behavior that arises from underlying bipolar disorder.
Lithium has a calming effect without impairing intellectual activity.
It controls any evidence of flight of ideas and hyperactivity.
If the person stops taking lithium, manic behavior may return. |
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Term
| State therapeutic and toxic range of Lithium. |
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Definition
Therapeutic serum levels for acute mania levels 1 to 1.5 mEq/L
maintenance levels 0.5 to 1.5 mEq/L |
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Term
| State symptoms associated with Lithium toxicity. |
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Definition
1.5 to 2 mEq/L - persistent nausea and vomiting, severe diarrhea, ataxia, blurred vision, and tinnitus.
2 to 3.5 mEq/L - excessive output of dilute urine, increasing tremors, muscular irritability, psychomotor retardation, mental confusion, and giddiness.
>3.5 mEq/L - life-threatening
impaired consciousness, nystagmus, seizures, coma, oliguria/anuria, cardiac dysrhythmias, myocardial infarction, and cardiovascular collapse. |
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Term
| Define Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitor (MAOI). |
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Definition
monoamine oxidase inhibitors
inhibits the enzyme monoamine oxidase which inactivates norepinephrine, dopamine, epinephrine, and serotonin. |
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Term
| Describe what MAOIs are used for. |
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Definition
relieve the symptoms of depression
block enzyme monoamine oxidase to increase levels of dopamine, norepinephrine and serotonin |
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Term
| Describe teaching strategies for patients taking MAOIs. |
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Definition
-take with food if GI distress occurs
-take at bedtime (Sedative effects)
-watch for Orthostatic hypotension
-transient side effects include nausea, drowsiness, headaches, and nervousness
-results may take 1-2 wks after start of therapy
-do not not to consume alcohol or any CNS depressants (additive effect)
-do not to abruptly stop taking the drug
-do not drive, operate heavy machinery, etc |
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Term
| Is Restoril a Benzodiazepine or Barbiturate? |
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Definition
benzodiazepine
generic: temazepam
may cause euphoria and palpitations. |
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Term
| What’s the difference between a Benzodiazepine or Barbiturate? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is a migraine headache? |
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Definition
caused by inflammation and dilation of the blood vessels in the cranium.
Characterized by a unilateral throbbing head pain accompanied by nausea, vomiting, and photophobia. These symptoms frequently persist for 4-24 hours and for several days in some cases.
Foods such as cheese, chocolate, and red wine can trigger an attack. |
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Term
| What is the treatment for a migraine headache? |
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Definition
(1) beta- adrenergic blockers such as propranolol (Inderal) and atenolol (Tenormin)
(2) anticonvulsants such as valproic acid (Depakote) and gabapentin (Neurontin)
(3) tricyclic antidepressants such as amitriptyline (Elavil) and imipramine (Tofranil). |
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Term
| What is a cluster headache? |
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Definition
| a severe unilateral nonthrobbing pain usually located around the eye. They occur in a series of cluster attacks—one or more attacks every day for several weeks. They are not associated with an aura and do not cause nausea and vomiting. |
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Term
| What is the treatment for a cluster head ache? |
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Definition
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