Term
| _______ is how individuals and groups are layered or ranked in society according to how many valued resources they possess. |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the three main assumptions of stratification? |
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Definition
1) people are divided into ranked categories 2) there is an unequal distribution of resources, with some possessing more and others less 3) each society determines what it considers to be valued resources |
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Term
| Wealth, power, and prestige are accorded to individuals with _______ and _______ capital. Define both types of capital. |
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Definition
social cultural Social capital includes networks with others who have influence (connections). Cultural capital means knowledge and access to important information in society. |
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Term
| _______ is often the basis of stratification. What does it include? |
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Definition
Economic system occupational structure, level of technology, distribution of wealth |
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Term
| Class often has indicators. Name five. |
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Definition
income material net value choices appearance |
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Term
| Why is it 'unAmerican' to discuss class? |
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Definition
debunks the 'American dream' concept of opportunity forces us to recognize inequality and realize how greatly it pervades society |
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Term
| Within stratification, economic groupings maintain relative ________ with limited _____ _______. |
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Definition
permanence social mobility |
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Term
| Describe the attributes of class in regards economic resources and mobility. |
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Definition
1) income, wealth, occupation, education, housing, stability 2) both upward and downward; extremely challenging for lower classes |
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Term
| How does status at birth affect life chances? |
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Definition
| education, employment, income, residence, family future, health care, life expectancy |
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Term
| What two factors impact global stratification? |
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Definition
| prestige and ethnocentrism |
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Term
| Describe the functionalist view of stratification. |
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Definition
| An inevitable part of society. Different roles in society need to be filled. Inequality 'sets the balance'. A shift would offset the equilibrium. Breeds competition and motivation. |
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Term
| What is the conflict stance on stratification? |
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Definition
| Caused by inequality. Bourgeiosie controls the means of production and employership. Exploitation so unbalanced that it seems permanent. Emphasis on class and economic resources. |
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Term
| Weber's version of conflict in stratification acknowledges Marx's inequality, but focuses more on ______ and ________. |
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Definition
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Term
| What is race? It is not purely ______, but mostly _______. |
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Definition
Race is a csocially constructed perception generally based on "assumed" physical appearance. biological cultural |
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Term
A ___ ____ is a social category of people with a shared cultural heritage. Many racial groups fall into this category. |
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Definition
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Term
| True or false: the term 'minority' generally denotes a numerical connotation in sociological studies. |
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Definition
Phh, what do you think? False. Duh. |
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Term
| List four characteristics of a minority group. |
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Definition
1) regarded as different from the dominant 2) discrimination against minority group by dominant group 3) usually ascribed rather than achieved 4) members gain a sense of solidarity (generally) |
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Term
| What is the difference between prejudice and discrimination? |
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Definition
| Prejudice is an attitude based on a prejudgment regarding race or ethnicity, while discrimination acts upon this attitude. |
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Term
| What is the scapegoat theory? Cite a historical example and define its level of analysis. |
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Definition
dominant group is frustrated and takes aggression out on minority group Germany and Jewish citizens generally micro- and meso-level |
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Term
| What is the conflict theory? What level does it fall under? |
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Definition
Privileged among dominant group maintain power over minority group. Macro-level |
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Term
| Define the split labor market theory and its level of analysis. |
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Definition
| Two types of jobs: primary and secondary. Primary involves stability, education, and safety. Secondary is undesirable, unstable, and dangerous. Dominant group holds primary jobs. |
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Term
| Define the structural-functionalist theory and its supplementary dysfunction. |
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Definition
Inequality maintains the system. Less desirable jobs and roles serve their purpose. Society and equilibrium depend on this. The dysfunctional aspect is that the system is less functional as a whole if there are groups unhappy with the inequality. |
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Term
| Any attitude, belief, or institutional arrangement that favors one racial group over another. |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the three types of racism? |
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Definition
Ideological : biological inequalities between races (e.g., Hitler) Symbolic : people deny the inequality, so no changes are made (e.g., 'colorblind') Institutional : within the system and its rules |
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Term
| Which attribute does Lareau argue is most important, race or class? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the difference between sex and gender? |
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Definition
Sex refers to biologicla attributes; 'male' and 'female' Gender refers to socially constructed expectations; 'masculine' and 'feminine' |
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Term
| True or false: gender socialization is a process that occurs during infancy and ends by the early teen years. |
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Definition
C'mon, what do you think? False. It's a lifelong process. |
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Term
| What are some agents of gender socialization? |
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Definition
| family (primary source), media, toys and activities |
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Term
| What is the concept of 'patriarchy'? |
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Definition
| Males are the dominating group. Masculine traits are valued more than feminine. |
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Term
| Explain the concept of the 'productive vs. reproductive spheres'. What is the capitalist view of these realms? |
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Definition
Reproductive = enables productivity; family work, care and nurturing; FEMALE association Productive = goods and services that return wages; MALE association The capitalist standpoint values goods and services that can be priced. |
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Term
Describe the concept of the 'second shift'. |
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Definition
| Women add to their home-based workload by joining the wage force. Males do not compensate, promoting inequality. Reproductive tasks lack prestige. |
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Term
| Describe four issues women encounter in the workforce. |
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Definition
Sex gap in pay : women earn 76 cents for every dollar earned by men. Glass ceiling : social forces that keep women from reaching the highest level of seniority, salary, and stance Sticky floor : social forces that keep women in low-paying jobs Glass escalator : men get promoted in women-dominated positions |
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