Term
| obstruction of one of the pulmonary arteries or its branches |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| different kinds of embolisms |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
trio of elements essential to thrombosis
venous stasis,
disruption of vessel lining
hypercoaguability |
|
|
Term
| Diagnosis of pulmonary embolism |
|
Definition
lung scan (VQ)
Chest Xray
EKG
ABGs
D-dimer
CT or MRI
Pulmonary angiogram |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| test used to help rule out the presence of a thrombus and DVT, strokes, and Pulmonary Embolism (PE) |
|
|
Term
| Pulmonary embolism treatment |
|
Definition
treatment aimed to prevent extension of clot
1. Heparin IV/SQ for 7-10 days
2. oral anticoagulant for 12 weeks
may also use
clot busters
oxygen therapy
filter placed in IVC
embolectomy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
severe pain (chest pain)
sudden dyspnea
cyanosis
tachycardia
restlessness
shock
hypotension
coughing up blood
tachypnea
diaphoresis |
|
|
Term
| what is a possible complication of pulmonary embolisms and why? |
|
Definition
| increased pulmonary arterial blood pressure leads to right ventrical heart failure because it has to work harder to get blood to pass through to the lungs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _________ __________ can be defined as an elevation in the pulmonary arterial pressure |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| pulmonary arterial pressure must be over ____ to be considered hypertensive? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| MAP must be over ___ to be considered pulmonary hypertension? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| pathophysiology of pulmonary hypertension |
|
Definition
| arteries and capillaries in the lungs become narrow or are blocked or destroyed, making it harder for blood o flow through the lungs |
|
|
Term
| primary pulmonary hypertension |
|
Definition
rare
cause unknown
familial association exists
cocaine use may have contribution
women
20-40 |
|
|
Term
| secondary pulmonary hypertension |
|
Definition
occurs when medical condition reduces the size of the pulmonary arteries and capillaries
conditions related include:
Chronic obstructive lung diseases
sleep apnea
pulmonary embolism
left ventricular heart failure
AIDs
connective tissue disorders
lupus
chronic liver disease
congenital heart disease |
|
|
Term
| pulmonary hypertension S&S |
|
Definition
dyspnea and fatigue
crackles and decreased breath sounds
cyanosis and tachypnea
symptoms of underlying cardiac or respiratory disease |
|
|
Term
| t/f pt with pulmonary htn dies in 2-3 years without transplant |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a complication of pulmonary htn
right ventricular heart failure due to prolonged pulmonary htn |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
ABGs
cardiac cath
EKG
CXR
pulmonary function tests
lung scan
pulmonary angiogram |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
treat underlying condition
supportive care
ie. low sodium diet, diruetics, oxygen therapy, cardiac monitoring, vasodilators (calcium channel blockers), anticoagulants (warfarin), High-Fowler's position, bed rest, comfort measures |
|
|
Term
| t/f: there is no cure for pulmonary htn except for heart and lung transplant |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| two chest trauma categories |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
includes injuries from a direct blow to the thoracic region
i.e.
steering wheel, seat belt, heavy equipment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
object enters body tissues
i.e.
gunshot wound, stabbings, objects that impale thoracic region |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| kind of blunt trauma where the chest wall is abruptly compressed, such as a crushing injury. following compression, the chest wall is suddenly decompressed. the alveoli and pulmonary arterioles rupture. inflammation and edema follow, impairing surfactant production and significantly affecting pt's ability to breathe |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
chest pain
dyspnea
hemoptysis (coughing up blood)
anxiety |
|
|
Term
| t/f: pulmonary contusion symptoms do not always occur until 12-24 hours after injury |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| t/f rib fracture can be penetrating and/or blunt trauma |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the primary symptom from rib fracture? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how does pt try to reduce inspiratory pain? |
|
Definition
splinting the injury
stifling coughs
reducing depth of respiration |
|
|
Term
| why is rib fracture pt at risk for pneumonia? |
|
Definition
| decreases lung movement gives them more risk |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
injury often bruised
crepitus (you can hear/feel like rice krispies snap/crackle/pop)
decreased breath sounds |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| keeps alveoli partially inflated at all times to reduce surface tension in the lungs |
|
|
Term
| condition where several ribs are fractured that results in a lack of structural support and hampers chest wall movement |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| most common affected ribs in flail chest |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is paroxysmal breathing? |
|
Definition
affected side of chest with cracked ribs is depressed on inspiration and expands on expiration; expands unequally
normally when you take a deep breath your chest inflates- in this case it caves in because ribs are fractured; entire sternum is basically loose |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
paroxysmal breathing
painful, shallow breaths
pneumonia
atelectasis (collapsed lung) |
|
|
Term
| Treatment for chest trauma |
|
Definition
pain control is most important
intercostal nerve blocks
6 wks to heal |
|
|
Term
| treatment for flail chest |
|
Definition
pain control
intubation
ventilation
fixation may be needed |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| collapse or closure of the lung resulting in reduced or absent gas exchange |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| oxygen deprivation; suffocation |
|
|
Term
| when do people lose consciousness when drowning? |
|
Definition
| 3-5 minutes following immersion in water |
|
|
Term
| when does neurologic and circulatory impairment occur in drowning? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| fresh water drowning hypotonic |
|
Definition
hypervolemia
hemodilution
hemolysis
electrolyte imbalances
possible renal/respiratory failure |
|
|
Term
| salt water drowning hypertonic |
|
Definition
hypovolemia
hemo-concentration |
|
|
Term
| what should be at bedside in patients with chest trauma, pulmonary embolism, inhalation injuries, and near-drowns? |
|
Definition
| resuscitation bags connected to oxygen and ready to use along with intubation equipment |
|
|
Term
| where does exchange of gases occur? |
|
Definition
| lower respiratory tract- alveoli |
|
|
Term
| inflammation of one or more bronchi and their branches |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| inflammatory process involving the bronchi and the trachea |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| t/f: bronchitis begins as a lower respiratory infection and ends as an upper respiratory infection |
|
Definition
| FALSE: Upper then lower, usually caused by a virus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
fever
malaise
dry cough
non-productive cough
mucopurulent sputum
blood streaked sputum if airway mucosa becomes irritated
chest pain
wheezing or rhonchi may be heard on auscultation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
antipyretics
expectorants
antitussives
antibiotics
auscultate breath sounds
monitor vital sounds
cough and deep breath q2h
do not swallow sputum; expectorate (cough it up and out)
comfort measures
frequent patient hand washing
properly discard tissues |
|
|
Term
| inflammation of the lung that causes consolidation and exudation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how is pneumonia classified? |
|
Definition
etiology and presenting symptoms
i.e.
infectious, noninfectious, community acquired (CAP), hospital acquired (HAP), opportunistic |
|
|
Term
| pt at high risk for pneumonia include |
|
Definition
elderly
infants
immobilized pt
pt with chronic conditions
i.e.
COPD, diabetes mellitus, congestive heart failure, sickle cell anemia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| caused by bacteria, virus, fungi, or protozoa; normal flora in respiratory tract may also cause pneumonia when immunocompromised |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| results from aspiration and inhalation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| hospital acquired pneumonia (HAP) |
|
|
Term
| how do you get pneumonia? |
|
Definition
organisms reach alveoli by droplets
aspiration from upper airway
seeding from blood stream |
|
|
Term
| what happens to your lungs with pneumonia? |
|
Definition
organisms reach alveoli
inflammatory and immune response is initiated (Intense)
exudate is produced, impairs gas exchange
capillaries enlarge and cause alveolar collapse
impairs gas exchange and interferes with ventilation
WBC's move into area and fill interstitial spaces causing consolidation
hypoxemia- low blood stream oxygen
leads to increased co2 in blood
stimulates rapid, shallow breathing |
|
|
Term
| what is the difference between typical pneumonia and atypical pneumonia? |
|
Definition
| atypical affects interstitial spaces and is more scattered |
|
|
Term
| explain form follows function in correlation with alveoli |
|
Definition
| it is a single layer of squamous cells to allow for elasticity and the easy exchange of co2 and o2 across alveoli membrane |
|
|
Term
| t/f bacterial pneumonia is more common and less serious |
|
Definition
FALSE
less common and more serious!!! |
|
|
Term
| agents that are often cause of bacterial pneumonia |
|
Definition
streptococcus pneumonia
pneumocystis carinii
staphylococcus aureous
klebsiella
pseudomonas aeruginosa
h. influenza |
|
|
Term
| bacterial pneumonia symptoms |
|
Definition
high fever
sudden onset
chills
productive cough
pain in chest wall muscles from severe coughing
malaise
rust colored sputum |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
damage to lung mucosa with treatment for breast/lung cancer
inhalation of kerosene
inhalation of foreign body or gastric contents |
|
|
Term
| t/f viral pneumonia more common than bacterial and less severe |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| most common type of viral pneumonia |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
sputum more copious
chills less common
pulse and respirations characteristically slow
course less severe
mortality rate low
weak and ill longer |
|
|
Term
| pneumonia assessment and diagnostic finding |
|
Definition
wheezing
crackles
decreased breath sounds
nail beds, lips, and oral mucosa cyanotic
sputum culture identify microorganisms
elevated WBC
blood cultures positive if bacteria has entered blood
CXR shows consolidation with infiltrates |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
antibiotics (even with viral)
hydration to thin secretions
oxygen therapy
monitor respiratory status
ABGs
bed rest
up with physical therapy
vital signs
semi fowlers position |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
change bedrest pt position q1-2 hrs
encourage deep breathing and spirometer use
prevent aspiration
prevent infection- WASH HANDS
good oral hygiene
watch opioid and sedative administration- they decrease breathing even more
no smoking
reduce alcohol intake |
|
|
Term
| complications of pneumonia |
|
Definition
decreased gas exchange makes them at risk for heart failure
CHF
emphysema
pleurisy
septicemia
atelectasis (collapsed lung)
hypotension and shock
death 9in older adults and those weakened by acute or chronic disorders) |
|
|
Term
| who can receive pneumonia vaccine? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| virus easily transmitted with epidemics from October to March |
|
Definition
| Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| children. adults affected also |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| direct or close contact with secretions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
virus invades cells of bronchial mucosa causing cells to rupture
debris irritates airway
causes increased secretions that obstruct bronchioles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
nasal stuffiness
fever
progresses to:
frequent deep cough
dyspnea
wheezes, crackles
decreased breath sounds
can eventually lead to respiratory failure |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
special precautions in hospital
iv fluids
humidified oxygen
meds to open airway, decrease inflammation, thin secretions, and lower temperature |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
antipyretic
bronchodilator therapy
corticosteroids w/ severe infections
palivizumab (Synagis) prophylaxis |
|
|
Term
| complication that results from other conditions which may or may not involve the respiratory system |
|
Definition
| Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) |
|
|
Term
| most common cause of ARDS |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what may ARDS result from? |
|
Definition
head injury
shock
infection
drug overdosage
trauma to chest or pulmonary system |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
body responds to injury by reducing blood flow to lungs
platelet clumping
platelets release substances causing localized inflammation of alveolar membranes
pt's alveolar capillary membrane allows fluid to leak into interstitial spaces and alveoli causing pulmonary edema
causes alveoli to become less elastic and collapse
causes impaired oxygenation, decreased surfactant production, possible pulmonary hemorrhage, and pulmonary htn
-great risk for respiratory failure |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
lungs are stiff
very difficult to inspire
difficulty picking up oxygen
decreased gas exchange
hypoxia
lungs may hemorrhage
severe respiratory distress in 8-48 hrs
progresses to increased respiratory rate
shallow labored breathing
cyanosis
use of accessory muscles to breathe
alkalosis from hyperventilation
unrelieved by oxygen therapy
o2 doesn't reverse hypoxemia (decreased blodd oxygen)
leads to acidosis
progresses to drowsiness and cerebral anoxia
decreased cardiac output
death |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
evidence of acute respiratory failure
bilateral infiltrates on xray
hypoxemia PaO2 <50mm Hg even with O2 of 50-60%
CXR
ABGs
physical exam
EKG- NO EVIDENCE OF LEFT SIDED HEART FAILURE |
|
|
Term
| t/f in ARDS, the left ventricle may be enlarged |
|
Definition
FALSE
no sign of left sided heart failure! |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
intubation and ventilation using PEEP (Positive en expiratory pressure)
diuretics
pulmonary artery catheter for monitoring
antibiotics if infection
severe hypotension IV medications (dopamine, dobutamine, albumin-Albumin pulls from interstitial space to the capillaries)
correct underlying cause if possible |
|
|
Term
| inflammation of parietal and visceral pleurae |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what causes pain in pleurisy? |
|
Definition
| during inspiration, the inflamed pleurae rub together causing severe, sharp pain |
|
|
Term
| dry (fibrinous) pleuritis |
|
Definition
| when two layers of the pleura become inflamed and rub together causing unilateral pain |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| develops when excess fluid accumulates in the pleural space. fluid may be seous, pus (empyema), blood (hemothorax), or blood and serous fluid (hemorrhagic pleural effusion); excessive fluid may cause lungs to collapse causing mediastinal shift |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
shallow respirations
onset abrupt
severe pain made worse with deep breathing, coughing, or movement
fever
chills
decreased ventilation can result in pneumonia or atelectasis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
possible Procaine intercostal nerve block
heat or cold applications
splint chest wall for cough
medications:
antibiotics
bronchodilators
analgesics
antipyretics
PCN
zythromax
aminophylline
Darvocet
Percocet
Tylenol
ibuprofen
guaifenesin |
|
|
Term
| bronchodilator side effects |
|
Definition
anxiety
HA
insomnia
N/V
-assess BP, P, R |
|
|
Term
| t/f pleural effusion is a symptom not a disorder |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| pleura attached to lung's external surface; contains no pain receptors |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| pleura attached to inside of pleural cavity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
fever
pleuritic pain
dyspnea with dullness or absent breath sounds over affected area
friction rub |
|
|
Term
| pleural effusion diagnosis |
|
Definition
CXR
CT
thoracentesis with fluids for C&S and cytology |
|
|
Term
| Treatment of pleural effusion |
|
Definition
eliminate cause
antibiotics
analgesics
cardiotonic drugs if caused by CHF
thoracentesis to remove fluid
surgery if caused by lung cancer |
|
|
Term
| necrotic area in the lung that forms as a result of consolidation; the area contains pus and is at risk for rupturing, spreading the infection into other parts of the respiratory system |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| collection of puss within a naturally existing anatomical cavity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
most often from aspiration pneumonia
pneumonia
mechanical obstruction of bronchi (tumor)
altered immune system (AIDs)
inhalation of dust particles
poor oral hygiene |
|
|
Term
| complications of lung abscess |
|
Definition
rupture into pleural space
hemorrhage
chronic bronchiectasis |
|
|
Term
| t/f: symptoms related to lung abscess may develop slowly over a period of 2 weeks |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
chills and fever
malaise
anorexia and weight loss
pleuritic chest pain
finger clubbing may occur in chronic cases
sputum may be blood tinged
sputum may be purulent with an odor
decreased or absent breath sounds
sputum may be negative if the area is walled off |
|
|
Term
| diagnosis of lung abscess |
|
Definition
H&P
CXR
CT
WBC > 10,000
blood and sputum cultures
thoracentesis (C&S of fluid)
chest percussion to detect areas of dullness |
|
|
Term
| treatment of lung abscess |
|
Definition
prolonged IV antibiotics- months with penicillin or clindamycin
oxygen and postural drainage
bronchoscopy to drain secretions
lobectomy |
|
|
Term
| chronic, recurrent infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis; an acid-fast bacillus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| can live in dark places in dried sputum for months- direct exposure, sunlight, heat, and ultraviolet light destroys them in a few hours |
|
|
Term
| t/f: tuberculosis can affect kidneys and other organs besides the lungs |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| t/f: tb leading cause of death in people with HIV |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
minorities
elderly
iv drug abusers
homeless
poverty
immunocompromised pt
cancer
diabetes mellitus
ltc facilities
prisons |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| inhalation of droplets produced by coughing, sneezing, and spitting from person with ACTIVE disease |
|
|
Term
| t/f: TB is not highly contagious |
|
Definition
| True- it takes repeated contact to get the disease- most people don't develop tb |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
initial infection is primary
small area inflamed and immune system attempts to destroy
site may become necrotic and infectious material liquefies and is spit up as sputum
infected area heals/sometimes shelters inactive bacteria and creates a tubercle with bacteria inside
tubercle dies or lies dormant
if immune system compromised- becomes active and becomes secondary infection |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| lesion that develops with tb with a cheeselike (caseous) center with scar tissue and calcification |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
chronic cough
night sweats
hemoptysis: coughing up blood
fatigue
anorexia
weight loss
low-grade fever |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
h&p
sputum culture (+M tuberculosis)
acid-fast smear
CXR
tb skin test |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
pleurisy
pericarditis
peritonitis
meningitis
bone and joint infection
GU and GI infection
other organ infection |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
if positive skin test and CXR, treat prophylactic for several months
if active: combination of drugs for several months; 2-3 at a time in lower dosages for 6 months or longer |
|
|
Term
| what does the nurse examine for on tb skin test with ppd? |
|
Definition
| induration- a raised, reddened area that may become hard |
|
|
Term
| chronic inflammatory condition of the tracheobronchial tree that causes temporary, recurrent airway obstruction |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| t/f most children do not outgrow asthma |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| asthma influenced by several triggers including |
|
Definition
smog
pesticides
fumes
secondhand smoke
allergens
medications
exercise
stress
GERD (aspiration of refluxed acids)
connection between asthma and multiple uses of antibiotics in first 1-2 years of life |
|
|
Term
| three components to airflow obstruction |
|
Definition
1. bronchoconstriction
2. inflammation and edema
3. increased mucous production |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
triggered by agents outside the body
most common
more often in children
genetic tendency |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
no known etiology
may be preceeded by viral or bacterial infection
also seen with exercise, storng emotions, stress, cold air |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
dyspnea, chest tightness, expiratory wheezing and cough
increased respiratory rate
use of accessory muscles to breathe
wheezing on inspiration and expiration is a late sign
a climbing PaCO2 indicates impending respiratory failure and death in status asthmaticus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| severe, prolonged attack that does not respond to routine treatment. rare but requires immediate medical intervention |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| pulmonary function test that measures how much air can be exhaled after a full inspiration (volume) and how fast air can be exhaled (flow) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
avoid allergens/triggers
mask that retains humidity and warms air while exercising
early treatment of respiratory infections
meds to avoid
ASA and NSAIDs
beta-blockers |
|
|
Term
| condition in which the airflow in the lungs is obstructed; expiratory phase of respiration is prolonged because resistance is increased |
|
Definition
| obstructive pulmonary disorders |
|
|
Term
| group of disorders with basically some of the same symptoms; 4th leading cause of death in US; airway obstruction caused by chronic bronchitis, bronchiectasis, or emphysema |
|
Definition
| COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary disease |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| prolonged inflammation of the bronchi that develops gradually over many years; characterized by cough and excessive sputum production for 3 months in 2 consecutive years. hyper secretion of mucous |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| pathophysiology of chronic bronchitis |
|
Definition
airflow to and from lungs decreases
excessive mucous accumulates
lining of bronchial tube becomes thickened and inflamed
pt develops irritating cough
inflammation causes scarring in the lung
ciliary function decreases
lungs become ideal area for bacterial infections
fibrotic tissue replaces granulation tissue causing stenosis |
|
|
Term
| chronic infection with irreversible dilation of large airways; abnormal stretching and enlargement of the large area with mucus accumulation and inflammation; airways sometimes develop pockets where infection develops |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
bronchial obstruction because of tumor or foreign body
congenital anomalies
exposure to gases
chronic pulmonary infections |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
chronic cough with copious amounts of sputum which is purulent
hemoptysis
cough worsens with change in patient position
fatigue
dyspnea
anorexia with weight loss
pockets with infection |
|
|
Term
| abnormal distention of the alveoli and marked destruction of alveolar walls and capillary beds; characterized by over inflation and destruction of alveolar walls |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| t/f: process of emphysema occurs over a long period time and by the time of diagnosis lung damage is usually permanent |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| pathophysiology of emphysema |
|
Definition
alveoli lose elasticity
they trap air that would normally be expired
these break down forming one large sac instead of many
capillary beds are destroyed
scarring replaces healthy tissue
prevents exchange of o2 and co2
blebs form over lung surface
these rupture and can cause pneumothorax |
|
|
Term
| initial vs/ chronic emphysema symptoms |
|
Definition
chronic bronchitis:
chronic cough, increased mucus, frequent clearing of throat, SOB "blue bloater" because of cyanosis and ruddy color with development of polycythemia
emphysema: cough, SOB, limited exercise tolerance; "pink puffer" because no cyanosis present |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| because of cyanosis and ruddy color with development of polycythemia: initial symptom chronic bronchitis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| caused by hypoxemia; an increase in the angle between the base of the nail and fingernail usually accompanied by increased depth, bulk, and sponginess of the end of the finger |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
dyspnea initially
coughing, productive or not
barrel chest- chest breather
decreasing effectiveness of ventilation
tripod position for breathing
thin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| occurs when increased amounts of air become trapped in alveoli flattening the diaphragm and increasing the anterior diameter of the chest |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
spirometry
PFTs
bronchodilator reversibility test to rule out asthma
CXR
ABGs
alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency screening
WBC |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1.first-line therapy
bronchodilators
regular treatment with 1 or more long-acting is better than short-acting
2. glucocorticosteroids to decrease inflammation
3. pulmonary rehab
4. constant o2 therapy
5. surgery- lung volume reduction or lung transplant |
|
|
Term
| helping patients cope with COPD |
|
Definition
stop smoking
teach breathing exercises
emphasize nutrition and fluids
promote exercise
teach prevention
optimize secretion clearance
administer low-level o2 therapy |
|
|
Term
| inherited recessive disorder affecting the epithelial cells of the respiratory, GI, and reproductive tracts; causes dysfunction of exocrine glands leading to accumulation of excessively thick, adhesive, persistent mucous, and abnormal secretion of sweat and saliva |
|
Definition
| cystic fibrosis (mucoviscidosis) |
|
|
Term
| presenting sign of cystic fibrosis |
|
Definition
| meconium ileus in newborn, failure to thrive, or chronic respiratory infections |
|
|
Term
| diagnosis for cystic fibrosis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
maintain patent airway
o2 and CPT
antibiotics
pancreatic enzyme replacement (Pancrease) with all food
multi vitamin
fat-soluble vitamins
increased protein
caleries
sodium |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
thick, sticky mucous that develops in the lungs
dyspnea
increased susceptibility to infections
staphylococcus aureus
hypoxemia
clubbing
barrel chest
productive cough with green colored sputum
pancreatic enzymes are prevented from reaching the duodenum by the mucous and impairs digestion
weight gain and development are affected
abdominal pain
steatorrhea- excessive fat in stool
sterility in men
delayed menarche and infertility in women |
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|
Term
| condition characterized by collapsed and airless lungs; alveoli collapsed. can be small or large portion of lung and/or entire lobe |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| atelectasis occurs secondary to |
|
Definition
aspiration
mucus plug
fluid or air in thoracic cavity
compression on lung tissue by tumor
enlargement of heart
aneurysm or enlarged lymph nodes of chest
prolonged bedrest |
|
|
Term
| t/f s&s of atelectasis depends on involved area |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| s&s atelectasis may involve |
|
Definition
large area:
cyanosis
fever
pain
dyspnea
tachycardia
tachypnea
increased secretions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
remove the cause
bronchodilators
cough and deep breathing
use incentive spirometry
oxygen for dyspnea
bronchoscopy to remove mucus plug obstruction |
|
|
Term
| second most common cancer and leading cause of cancer death in US |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| lung cancer most common in |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| t/f American indian males have highest rate of lung cancer |
|
Definition
false!
African American!
American indian is lowest! |
|
|
Term
| what is greatest risk of developing lung cancer? |
|
Definition
| cigarette smoking and secondhand smoke |
|
|
Term
| t/f lung cancer is usualy aggressive, invasive, and metastatic; the primary lesion is usually a mucosal lesion of the airway epithelium |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| early signs of lung cancer |
|
Definition
dry cough
hemoptysis
repeated respiratory infections
dyspnea
wheezing
stridor
CP
weight loss
anemia |
|
|
Term
| superior vena cava syndrome |
|
Definition
| distention of jugular veins and swelling of chest, face, and neck |
|
|
Term
| ectopic hormone production |
|
Definition
| mimic body's own hormones; ADH and ACTH |
|
|
Term
| complications of lung cancer |
|
Definition
pleural effusion
superior vena cava syndrome
ectopic hormone production
atelectasis
pneumonia
metastasis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
h&p
CXR
CT
lung scan
sputum
brain and bone scanes
-biopsy of lesion |
|
|
Term
| medical and surgical treatment of lung cancer |
|
Definition
staging
removal of tumor- segmental/wedge resection or lobectomy
chemo
radiation with chemo |
|
|
Term
| reasons for thoracic surgery with lung cancer |
|
Definition
biopsy
removal of tumors, lesion, foreign objects
repair trauma
repair or revise structural problems
open heart surgery |
|
|
Term
| types of surgery for lung cancer |
|
Definition
pneumonectomy
lobectomy
resection
lung transplant |
|
|
Term
| occupational lung diseases |
|
Definition
| directly related to inhalation of noxious substances in the work environment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| chronic fibrotic lung diseases caused by inhalation of inorganic dusts and particulate matter |
|
|
Term
| hypersensitivity pneumonitis |
|
Definition
| allergic pulmonary disease caused by exposure to inhaled organic dusts (from cotton, sugar cane, and moldy hay) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
most frequent occupational lung disease
symptoms not apparent until after 20 years
risk for bronchogenic carcinoma |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| rare tumor of pleura or peritoneum as a result of asbestos exposure |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| silica dust; macrophages are destroyed, releasing harmful substances, leading to fibrosis; risk for tb; severe dyspnea and cough; pulmonary function tests |
|
|
Term
| coal workers pneumoconiosis |
|
Definition
| black lung disease 12% of all miners; diffuse; small opacities; symptoms similar to complicated silicosis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| systemic disease characterized by granulomas in the lungs, lymph nodes, liver, eyes, skin, and other organs; cause unknown. affects young adults; African-americans; women more than men; multiple granulomas with little or no necrosis; some resolve spontaneously; others proceed to fibrosis |
|
|
Term
| diagnosis for sarcoidosis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
gradual onset
anorexia
fatigue
weight loss
fever
dyspnea
arthralgias |
|
|
Term
| treatment for sarcoidosis |
|
Definition
treatment for severe or disabling symptoms
corticosteroid therapy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| air in the chest; either visceral or pleural chest wall and parietal pleura perforated, air enters space- pressure lost, collapse |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
sudden dyspnea
chest pain
tachypnea
anxiety
restlessness
decreased breath sounds
absent breath sounds
asymmetrical chest expansion on inspiration |
|
|
Term
| t/f pneumothorax may resolve on its own without treatment |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| treatment for pneumothorax |
|
Definition
may resolve on its own
chest tubes with larger amounts of air
some need surgical repair
recurrent
pleurodesis |
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