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| A legistlature divided into two houses. The US Congress and every American state legislature except Nebraska's are bicameral |
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| Federal grants given more or less automatically to states or communities to uspport broad programs in ares such as community development and social services |
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| Federal grants that can be used only for specific purposes, or "categories," of state and local spending. HTey come with strings attached, such as nondiscrimnation provisions |
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| favors strong federal government |
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| An important part of the madisonian model designed to limit government's power by requiring that power be balanced amoung the different governmental institutions. These institutions continually check one another's activities. This system reflects Madison's goal of setting power against power. |
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| States congress' power to control economic activity |
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| Powers held by both the state and the federal government |
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| Procedures such as the initiative, the referendum, and the recall, by which voters can have a direct impact on policymaking and the polictical process by means of the voting booth. |
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| The final paragrpah of Acticle I, Section 8, of the Constitution, which authorizes Congress to pass all laws "necesary and proper" to carry out hte enumerated powers |
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| Power of the federal govenrment htat are specifially addresed in the Constitution |
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| A way of ogranizing a nation so that two levesl of governemnt have formal authority over the same land and people. It is a system of shared power between units of government |
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| A system of govenrment in which both the states and the national government remain supreme within thier own spheres, each responsible for some policies |
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| A system of governemnt in which power and policy assignment are shared between states and the national governemnt. They may also share costs, administration, and even blame for programs that work poorly |
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| Devolution, back to the states |
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| A collection of 85 articles written by Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, and James Madison udner the name "Publius" to defend the COnstitution in detial. Collectively, these papers are second only to the US Constitution in characterizing the framers intent. |
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| Changes or additions to the written language of the Constitution |
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| Powers of the federal government htat go beyond those enumeratedin the constitution. |
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| People control the government through elected officials |
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| Powers that are not enumerated but understood that all governments need to function |
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| Change of meaning or understanding of the Constitution |
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| THe power of the Courts to determine wheter acts of Congress, and by implication the executive, are in accord wit the US Constitution |
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| Obligation handed down from federal to state governments |
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| The 1803 case in which Cheif Justice John Marshall and his associates first asserted the right of the SUpreme Court to determine the meaning of the US Constitution. The decision established the Courts power of judicial reviwe over acts of Congress, in this case the Judiciary Act of 1789. |
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| An 1819 Supreme Court decision that established the supremecy of the national govenremnt over state governemnts. IN deciding this case, Chief Justice John Marhall and his colleagues held that Congres had certain implied powers in addition to the enumerated powers found in the Constitution |
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| capicity of state and local officials to regulate behavoirs and enforce laws |
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| political theory that government is created by and subject to the will of the people |
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| Powers reserved to the states |
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| An important part of the Madisonian model that requires each of the three brandches of govenrment to be relatively independent of eachother so that one cannot control the other. |
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| A series of attacks on courthouses by a small band of farmers led by revolutionary war Captain Daniel Shays to block foreclosure proceedings |
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| A fraction of the vote greater than 1/2 |
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| Having only one legislative body. |
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