Term
| What are the differences in first and second generation antihistamines? Give examples of each. |
|
Definition
• The first generation antihistamines (Benadryl, Chlor-Trimeton, Tavist) are short acting and usually make people sleepy. second generation (claritin, zyrtec, allegra, xyzal, clarinex) are long acting once a day, and generally do not make people sleepy, or less so.
• The second generation antihistamines were developed to try and decrease the side effects of the first generations. Many are "purified" first generation antihistamines so they have the active effects without the side effects of drowsiness, sedation, dry mouth etc. They also tend to have longer half lives, meaning they can be taken once or twice a day not every 4 hours. |
|
|
Term
| Why do you think systemic decongestants would cause hypertension, renal failure, and cardiac dysrhythmias? |
|
Definition
• Absorbed in the GI mucosa and distributed throughout the entire body. Indirectly cause the release of norepinephrine which causes vasoconstriction -> hypertension etc. They effect the sympathetic nervous system.
• ADRENERGIC. Decongestants are closely chemically related to adrenaline. Vasoconstriction. Therefore, they can speed up the heart and blood pressure and accelerate other body functions.
• Sympathetic Nervous System
• Increases:
• blood pressure
• heart rate
• fuel availability (sugar, fats...)
• adrenaline
• oxygen circulation to vital organs
• blood clotting (minimizes loss of blood if wounded)
• pupil size and peripheral vision (improves vision) |
|
|
Term
| What are some systemic decongestants and what are their advantages? |
|
Definition
• Topical
o Advantage – Minimal adverse rxn, rapid symptom relief.
• Systemic
o Pseudoophedrine – Sudafed.
o Phenylephrine – Sudafed PE
o Ephedrine - |
|
|
Term
| Why should patients limit use of nasal decongestant sprays? |
|
Definition
| • Rebound nasal congestion. |
|
|
Term
| What is a common suffix for medications in the category of Glucocorticoids? What is their action? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why should a client being treated with an anti-tussive see a provider for a cough lasting more than a week? Name the diseases associated with each of these two types of lower respiratory disorders. |
|
Definition
• Antitussives suppress or inhibit non-productive, dry cough. If your cough lasts for more than a week, it could be a sign of a more serious medical condition such as a viral or bacterial infection.
• Viral (nonproductive) – infectious rhinitis, influenza, bronchiolitis, pneumonia,
• Bacterial (productive) – pneumonia, TB, |
|
|
Term
| What three symptoms occur in COPD conditions? |
|
Definition
• Wheezing/Shortness of breath
• Productive Cough (smoker’s cough)
• Chest tightness/pain |
|
|
Term
| What do the following suffixes mean: -itis and –ectasis? |
|
Definition
• Itis = inflammation
• Ectasis = Dilated/Distended/Expanded |
|
|
Term
| What causes emphysema? What is the pathology? |
|
Definition
• Destruction of the alveolar walls that leads to large, permenantly inflated alveoli.
• Pathology: The elastic fibers that hold open alveoli during expiration are destroyed. They collapse during expiration and trap CO2 in the lungs, causing the body to overcompensate and breath deeper. |
|
|
Term
| What four types of medications are frequently used for COPD? Why? |
|
Definition
• Bronchodilators – dilate bronchioles
• Glucco/Corticosteriods – decreasing the swelling and inflammation of the airways in the lungs. They have grave side effects.
• Antibiotics - infection is present
• Phosphodiesterase-4 Inhibitors - blocks action of PDE4, an enzyme that is overproduced in COPD. |
|
|
Term
| What is bronchoconstriction? What is bronchodilitation? |
|
Definition
• Bronchoconstriction – the constriction of the airways in the lungs due to the tightening of surrounding smooth muscle
• Bronchodilation - expansion of the bronchial air passages. |
|
|
Term
| What role does cAMP play in bronchial tissue cells? |
|
Definition
• Cyclic AMP is a second messenger.
• Involved in maintaining bronchodilation. When histamine leukotriene inhbit the actions of cAMP, bronchoconstriction occurs. Beta-adrenergic agonists promote the production of cAMP and bronchodilates.
• If there’s too much PDE4 in the lungs, it can degrade cAMP and the inflammatory cells are activated. |
|
|
Term
| Four patients are receiving Benedryl. Which patient needs to take priority in assessment? |
|
Definition
| The 70year old man has an enlarged prostate and Benedryl has anticholinergic effects which means his bladder contractions may decrease causing retention. |
|
|
Term
| The client tells the nurse that he has been taking Neo-Synephrine for the past month. What is the nurse’s highest priority response to the client? Neo-Synephrine: |
|
Definition
should not be taken for longer than 3-5 days.
Neo-Synephrine can be taken indefinitely while it is still effective.
Neo-Synephrine should not be taken longer than 24 hours.
Neo-Synephrine can be taken until symptoms decrease.
Neo-Synephrine should not be taken for longer than 3 to 5 days. |
|
|
Term
| What form are systemic decongestions usually ordered? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why has the FDA declared some systemic nasal decongestants be removed from drugs approved for over the counter? |
|
Definition
They might cause stroke and hypertension
They can be used in making drugs for addiction |
|
|
Term
| What does extended use of nasal decongestants cause? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the action of Glucocorticoids? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Abnormal rhythm of the heart |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a substance causing dilation of blood vessels, tissue swelling, and itching or allergy symptoms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| irregular or rapid beating of the heart |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sticky-ness or gummy-ness |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Area from the epiglottis and below. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Area from the nasal cavity to the larynx |
|
|
Term
| What is infectious rhinitis? |
|
Definition
o the common cold caused by the rhino virus (viral).
o Manifestations: Sneezing, nasal congestions and discharge, sore throat, non productive cough, malaise, myalgia, low grade fever, hoarseness, headache, chills. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
o Inflammation of the sinus cavities most likely caused by a viral infection.
o Manifestations: Pressure, nasal congestion, fever, sore throat. |
|
|
Term
| What is acute pharyngitis? |
|
Definition
o Pharyngitis is caused by swelling in the back of the throat (pharynx) between the tonsils and the larynx.
o Manifestations: Sore throat, fever, headache, joint pain and muscle ache, skin rash, swollen lymph nodes in the neck. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
o LIFE THREATENING. Inflammation of the epiglottis.
o Manifestations: Fever, sore throat, difficulty swallowing, drooling with the mouth open, inspiratory stridor |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
o Inflammation of the larynx that is usually a result of infection. Vocal cords are irritated. Overuse
o Manifestations: hoarseness, weak voice, tickling sensation, sore dry throat, dry cough, difficulty breathing (kids) |
|
|
Term
| What is laryngotracheobronchitis? |
|
Definition
o Croup. Viral infection. Starts as upper respiratory infection, larynx swells, leading to narrowing of airway and obstruction. Can lead to respiratory failure.
o Manifestations: Nasal congestions, seal like cough, hoarseness, inspiratory stridor, dyspnea, anxiety, cyanosis. |
|
|
Term
| What is the contagious period of the common cold? |
|
Definition
| 1-4 days before onset of symptoms. |
|
|
Term
| How is the common cold transmitted? |
|
Definition
| Touching contaminated surfaces then touch nose or mouth. Viral droplets from sneezing |
|
|
Term
| What are the symptoms from the common cold? |
|
Definition
| Nasal congestition, nasal discharge, cough, increased mucosal secretions |
|
|
Term
| What is the action of antihistamines? |
|
Definition
| Decreases nasopharyngeal secretions by blocking H1 receptors. |
|
|
Term
| What is a 1st generation H1 blocker? |
|
Definition
ANTAGONIST!
Diphenhydramine- causes anti-cholinergic responses (dry mouth etc.) |
|
|
Term
| What is a 2nd generation H1 blocker? |
|
Definition
Cetirizine (Zyrtec),
fexofenadine (Allegra),
loratadine (Claritin)
Nonsedating antihistamines; little to no effect on sedation or anti-cholinergic responses. |
|
|
Term
| Who shouldn't use 1st generation antihistamines? Why? |
|
Definition
Caution in patients with narrow angle glaucoma, benign prostatidc hypertrophy, pregnancy, newborn or premature infant, breastfeeding, urinary retention
ANTICHOLINERGIC EFFECTS
Can't see, can't pee, can't sit, can't shit |
|
|
Term
| What are the pharmicokinetics of diphenhydramine? (Benadryl) |
|
Definition
| highly protein bound, ½ life 2-7 hrs., metabolized in the liver and excreted in the urine. |
|
|
Term
| What is the drug action of diphenhydramine (Benadryl)? |
|
Definition
| Competes with histamine for receptor sites. Prevents histamine response. Reduces nasopharyngeal secretions, itching sneezing. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Acute/allergic rhinitis. Anti-tussive |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
PARASYMPATHETIC:
Slows heart beat
Speeds up stomach
Contracts bladder
Constricts bronchi
Increases secretions
Constricts pupil |
|
|
Term
| Anti-Cholinergic effects? |
|
Definition
SYMPATHETIC
Dilates pupils
Stops secretions
Speeds up heart
Slows down gut
Dilates bronchi
Increase in glucose
Inhibits bladder contraction
CAN'T SEE, CAN'T PEE, CAN'T SPIT, CAN'T SHIT |
|
|
Term
| What are the effects of diphenhydramine (Benadryl)? |
|
Definition
Increase CNS depression with alcohol.
Avoid use of MAOI
Drowsiness, dry mouth, dizziness, blurred vision, wheezing, photosensitivity, urinary retention, constipation, GI distress. |
|
|
Term
| What should you assess when administering diphenhydramine? |
|
Definition
| Baseline vitals, obtain drug history (MAOIS), urinary dysfunction, CBC, cardiac and respiratory status, allergies |
|
|
Term
| What nursing interventions should there be with diphenhydramine (Benadryl)? |
|
Definition
Obtain list of environmental exposures, drugs, recent foods eaten, stressors
Give with food to decrease GI distress
Avoid operating motor vehicles if drowsiness occurs
Avoid alcohol and other CNS depressants
Use sugarless candy or gum, as well as ice chips for temporary relief of mouth dryness |
|
|
Term
| What are the drug effects fro nonselective anti-cholinergic drugs? |
|
Definition
| Increased blood pressure, increased heart rate, relaxed bronchioles. |
|
|
Term
| What are the actions of nasal decongestants? |
|
Definition
| Stimulate alpha adrenergic receptors to produce NASAL VASCULAR VASOCONSTRICTION. This shrinks the nasal mucuous membranes and reduces nasal secretion. |
|
|
Term
| How does the nasal congestion manifest itself? |
|
Definition
| Dilation of nasal blood vessels due to infection, allergy, and inflammation. Fluid moves into tissue spaces and leads to swelling in the nasal cavity. |
|
|
Term
| What are Oxymetazoline (Afrin), naphazoline (Allerest), and pseudoephedrine (Sudafed)? How are they administered? |
|
Definition
NASAL DECONGESTANTS!
Nasal spray, nasal drops, tablet, capsule, liquid |
|
|
Term
| What are some interactions with nasal decongestants? |
|
Definition
May increase HTN, dysrhythmias with MAOIs
May increase restlessness, palpitations with caffeine (e.g., coffee, tea) |
|
|
Term
| What are the side effects with the nasal decongestants? |
|
Definition
Nervous, jittery, restless
Alpha-adrenergic effect (hypertension, hyperglycemia) |
|
|
Term
| What happens with frequent use of nasal decongestants? |
|
Definition
May lead to tolerance
May lead to rebound nasal congestion
Should not use longer than 5 days |
|
|
Term
| What are Fluticason (Flonase), Triamcinolone (Nasacort), Budesonide (Rhinocort), (Dexmethasone)? |
|
Definition
| Intranasal glucocorticoids |
|
|
Term
| What are the actions of intranasal glucocorticoids? |
|
Definition
| Steroids have an anti-inflammatory effect. Rare systemic effects. |
|
|
Term
| When are intranasal glucocorticoids used? |
|
Definition
| Treat allergic rhinitis. May be used or in conduction with H1 antihistamines. |
|
|
Term
| What is special about dexamethasone? |
|
Definition
| SHould not be used longer than 30 days to avoid systemic effects. |
|
|
Term
| What are the 2 classes of anti-tussives? |
|
Definition
| Narcotic and Non Narcotic |
|
|
Term
| What is a narcotic antitussive? |
|
Definition
| Guaifenesin and codeine (Cheratussin) |
|
|
Term
| What is the action of Guaifenesin w/ codeine? |
|
Definition
| Suppress cough reflex by acting on cough center in the medulla. |
|
|
Term
| What effect does Guaifenesin w/ codeine have on mucus? |
|
Definition
| Reduces its viscosity of tenacious secretions. |
|
|
Term
| When is Guaifenesin used? SE? |
|
Definition
For a NONPRODUCTIVE irritating cough
Drowsiness, dizziness, nausea |
|
|
Term
| What are non narcotic antitussives? |
|
Definition
Benzonatate (Tessalon Perles)
Guaifenesin (Robitussin) |
|
|
Term
| What is the action of non narcotic antitussive? |
|
Definition
| Loosen bronchial secretions by reducing tension of them |
|
|
Term
| When are non narcotic antitussives used? SE? |
|
Definition
DRY, NON PRODUCTIVE cough.
Drowsiness, nausea |
|
|
Term
| What is used to treat sinusitis? |
|
Definition
| Decongestant, acetaminophen, fluids, rest, antibiotics PRN |
|
|
Term
| What is used to treat acute pharyngitis? |
|
Definition
| Saline gargles, lozenges, increase fluid intake, acetaminophen, antibiotics w/ bacterial infection. |
|
|
Term
| What gas is the normal driving force for breathing? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when there is too much carbon dioxide, the waste product of respiration, in the blood. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Results from hypercapnia. results in a low amount of oxygen in the blood |
|
|
Term
| Is Carbon Dioxide a source of acid or base? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| why COPD patients: do not need to have O2 administered in high doses, and why the use inspiratory muscles when breathing. |
|
Definition
• Do not need O2 in high doses because their receptors become insensitive to CO2 levels so respirations do not increase, then once O2 gets low enough the body over compensates and has an increase in O2 and a decrease in CO2.
• Inspiratory muscles are triggered by the low PO2 levels in the blood. |
|
|
Term
| What diseases are included in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease? |
|
Definition
• Chronic Bronchitis
• Emphysema
• Cystic Fibrosis |
|
|
Term
| What is the most significant cause of COPD? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the difference in Chronic and acute bronchitis? |
|
Definition
| • Chronic – Not necessarily caused by an infection. Symptoms last longer |
|
|
Term
| What happens to alveoli in the process of emphysema? What does that matter? |
|
Definition
• Destruction of the alveolar walls that leads to large, permanently inflated alveoli.
• They collapse during expiration and trap CO2 in the lungs, causing the body to overcompensate and breath deeper. |
|
|
Term
| What is the purpose of pursed-lip breathing? |
|
Definition
| • Increases expiratory resistance and produces airway back pressure, preventing aereolar collapse |
|
|
Term
| What causes atelectasis and what is it? |
|
Definition
• Atelectasis - one or more areas of your lungs collapse or don't inflate properly.
• Cause – surfactant deficiencies, bronchus obstruction, lung tissue compression, increased surface tension, lung fibrosis. |
|
|
Term
| What is pleural effusion? |
|
Definition
| • buildup of fluid between the layers of tissue that line the lungs and chest cavity. Rubs together. Very painful |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Puncture to the lung.
abnormal collection of air or gas in the pleural space that separates the lung from the chest wall |
|
|
Term
| What is cAMP? Good thing or bad? |
|
Definition
• Cyclic AMP is a second messenger.
• Involved in maintaining bronchodilation. When histamine leukotriene inhbit the actions of cAMP, bronchoconstriction occurs. Beta-adrenergic agonists promote the production of cAMP and bronchodilates.
• If there’s too much PDE4 in the lungs, it can degrade cAMP and the inflammatory cells are activated. |
|
|
Term
| What is the action of sympathomimetics? |
|
Definition
• Adrenergic!
• Act of sympathetic nervous system |
|
|
Term
| Name a non-selective sympathomimetic. What does it mean to be non-selective? |
|
Definition
Beta Blocker
Works on 1 (heart) and 2 (lungs) |
|
|
Term
| Is Albuterol selective? Which receptors? When can other beta 1 responses occur with this medication? |
|
Definition
• Yes
• Beta 2 adrenergic
• When large doses of albuterol are used, can cause tachycardia |
|
|
Term
| What is the best beta2 agonist for asthma? |
|
Definition
• Acute – Albuterol
• Chronic – Montelukast |
|
|
Term
| What is special about Serevent for asthma? |
|
Definition
• long-acting beta2-adrenergic receptor agonist drug that is prescribed for the treatment of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
• Inhaled powder |
|
|
Term
| Why is it dangerous to be prescribed Theophylline? (Notice: in the lline family; with big bad brothers aminophylline, Dyphylline, oxtriplyline) |
|
Definition
| • Theophylline interacts with beta blockers. Can cause irregular heart beat. |
|
|
Term
| What is the serum level for toxicity in theophylline? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does Leukotrienes do for you in your lungs? |
|
Definition
| • causing inflammation, bronchoconstriction and mucus production. |
|
|
Term
| Why would someone need a leukotriene modifier? Name one. |
|
Definition
• If they have prophylaxis, chronic treatment of asthma.
• Singulair |
|
|
Term
| What are the 2 categories of lower respiratory tract disoders? |
|
Definition
1.) COPD
2.) Restrictive Pulmonary Disease |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Caused by airway obstruction with increased resistance to airflow to lung tissues. |
|
|
Term
| What is restrictive pulmonary disease? |
|
Definition
| Decrease in total lung capacity due to fluid accumulation or loss of elasticity of the lung tissues. |
|
|
Term
| What pathophysiological changes occur with COPD? |
|
Definition
| Airway obstruction with increased airway resistance to airflow |
|
|
Term
| What are major COPD disorders? |
|
Definition
Chronic bronchitis
Bronchiectasis
Emphysema
Asthma |
|
|
Term
| What is chronic bronchitis? What happens? |
|
Definition
Progressive bronchitis caused by smoking, constant irritation to the pulmonary mucosa.
Excessive mucus secretions causes airway obstruction. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Progressive COPD caused by smoking, atmospheric contaminants.
Lack of the protein which inhibits the enzyme that destroys the alveoli.
Excessive mucus secretions causes airway obstruction |
|
|
Term
| What are the known causes of COPD? |
|
Definition
Smoking
Inflammation
Chronic lung infections
Allergens |
|
|
Term
| What are the characteristic symptoms of COPD? |
|
Definition
Dyspnea, excess mucus secretions
Airway obstruction, bronchospasm
Permenant irreversible damage to the lung tissue.
Forced expiratory volume is DECREASED |
|
|
Term
| What causes bronchial asthma? |
|
Definition
| Enivronment, pollutants, allergic substances, drugs |
|
|
Term
| What is the action of bronchial asthma? |
|
Definition
| Whatever causes it stimulates MAST CELLS to release chemical mediators (histamine, serotonin, eosinophils, leukotrienes) which causes bronchoCONSTRICTION which inhibits cAMP, causes bronchial edena and increased bronchial secretions. |
|
|
Term
| What are the THREE MAJOR SYMPTOMS of asthma? |
|
Definition
Bronchoconstriction
Mucus Production
Bronchioinflammation causing edema of the bronchioles |
|
|
Term
| What are the 7 drugs used to treat COPD? |
|
Definition
1. Bronchodialators (Albuterol, Isuprel, Maxair, Serevent).
2. Glucocorticoids
3. Cromolyn Inhibits histamine (not for acute use)
4. Leukotriene modifier
5. Expectorants
6. Antibiotics |
|
|
Term
| What are the type of bronchodilators? |
|
Definition
Sympathomimetrics -> INCREASE cAMP
Nonselective beta-adrenergic agonists
Anticholinergics
Xanthine derivatives
Leukotriene Receptor Antagonists |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Sympathomimetric
Non-selective alpha, beta 1 and beta 2 receptors.
Increases cAMP in the lung tissue causing bronchoDILATION
Restores circulation and increases airway patency
FIRST LINE OF DEFENSE IN ACUTE ASTHMA ATTACK OR ANAPHYLAXIS
Given SUBQ! |
|
|
Term
| What are the side effects of epinephrine? |
|
Definition
| Palpitations, dizziness, nervousness, tremors, tachycardia, dysrhythmias, hypertension |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Sympathomimetric
SELECTIVE for beta-2 receptors.
Relaxes smooth muscle of bronchi
If given too much, can cause beta-1 effects (tachycardia/nervousness).
Rapid onset if inhaled |
|
|
Term
| What are 2 more sympathomimetrics? |
|
Definition
1. Metaproterenol (Alupent)
2.) Serevent - FOR EXERCISE INDUCED ASTHMA |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Nonselective beta-adrenergic agonist
Relaxes smooth muscle of bronchi.
First drug in 1941 used to treat bronchospasm in chronic asthma. Administered via IV or inhalation |
|
|
Term
| What are the side effects of isoproterenol? |
|
Definition
| Nervousness, tremors, restlessness, flushing, HA, n, v, tachycardia, palpitations, hypertension |
|
|
Term
| What is ipratropium bromide (Atrovent)? |
|
Definition
Anticholinergic
Dilates bronchioles
Aerosol inhaler
Caution in narrow angled glaucoma
Rapid onset of 1-2 mins |
|
|
Term
| What is ipratropium (Combivent)? |
|
Definition
| Combination drug of Atrovent and Albuterol. Both are more effective than either alone for chronic bronchitis. |
|
|
Term
| Why is albuterol preferred? |
|
Definition
| It's more selective for beta-2 than the anticholinergic drugs, which means it has less side effects. It also has a longer duration time. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Xanthine derivative.
Stopped being used because of side effects.
Relaxes smooth muscle of bronchi and bronchioles, increasing cAMP and promoting bronchodilation.
Used in maintenance therapy for chronic asthma.
Very low therapeutic index.
Stimulates CNS and respiration, dilates coronary and pulmonary vessels, and causes diuresis. |
|
|
Term
| What patients is aminophylline contraindicated in? |
|
Definition
| Seizure, cardiac, renal or liver disorders. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| dysrhythmias, nervousness, irritability, insomnia, dizziness, flushing, dizziness, hypotension, seizures, GI distress, intestinal bleeding, hyperglycemia, tachycardia, palpitations, cardiorespiratory collapse |
|
|
Term
| What is Zafirlukast (Accolate) and Montelukast (Singulair)? |
|
Definition
Leukotriene Receptor Antagonist
Reduces inflammatory process and decreases bronchoconstriction
Used in prophylactic and maintenance of chronic asthma
SE = dizzieness, HA, GI distress, abnormal liver enzymes, nasal congestions, cough, pharyngitis |
|
|
Term
| What is beclomethasone (Beclovent, Vanceril) and dexamethasone (Decadon)? |
|
Definition
Glucocorticoids
Antiinflammatory effect that is administered via:
Aerosol - fluticason (Flovent)
Tablet - Triamcinolone (Aristocort)
Injection - Dexamethasone (Decadron)
SOLU-MEDROL |
|
|
Term
| What are the 2 types of inhalers? |
|
Definition
-Metered Dose Inhaler
-Dry powdered inhaler |
|
|
Term
| What happens with frequent use of an inhaler? |
|
Definition
Tremors
Nervousness
Tachycardia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Inhaled with a medicine, makes particles smaller and produces a mist. Moves further within lungs |
|
|
Term
| What is cromolyn (intal)? |
|
Definition
A prophylactic treatment of bronchial asthma. NOT to be used for acute asthma. Not a bronchodilator. Inhibits release of histamine preventing asthma reactions.
Antiinflammatory effect/suppresses release of histamine
Cough, bad taste, rebound bronchospasm |
|
|
Term
| What is acetylcysteine? (Mucomyst) |
|
Definition
Mucolytic.
Liquifies and loosens thick mucus secretions.
Administer 5 mins before a bronchodilator - SHOULD NOT BE MIXED WITH OTHER DRUGS
Can be used as a antidote for acetaminophen overdose
Given orally or diluted in juice/soft drink |
|
|
Term
| What are the pathophysiologic changes in restrictive lung disease? |
|
Definition
| Decrease total lung capacity from fluid accumulation or loss of elasticity of the lung tissues |
|
|
Term
| What are the causes of restrictive lung disease? |
|
Definition
| Pulmonary edema, pulmonary fibrosis, pneumonitis, lung tumors, disorders effecting throacic musculature like scoliosis or myasthenia gravis |
|
|
Term
When ipratropium, a bronchodilator, and a
glucocorticoid inhaler are ordered together,
the? |
|
Definition
bronchodilator is given 5 minutes before a glucorticoid.
When a bronchodilator and a glucocorticoid inhaler are given together, the bronchodilator is given first. The nurse should wait for 5 minutes before administering the
glucocorticoid. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| repair of inflamed tissue with connective tissue; to repair and replaced normal cells by fibroblasts (scar tissue) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| WBC which releases histamine and contribute to an allergic rxn |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| • cAMP – Cyclic Adenosin Monophosphate. Responsible for maintaining bronchodilation. |
|
|
Term
| What is the purpose of surfactant? |
|
Definition
| o A watery substance that produces surface tension on the alveoli, which enhances pulmonary compliance (elasticity) and prevents the alveoli. Promotes reinflation of the alveoli during inspiration |
|
|
