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| A branch of psychology that studies physical, cognitive, and social change throughout the life span |
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| The fertilized egg; it enters a 2-week period of rapid cell division and develops into an embryo |
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| The developing human organism from about 2 weeks to 9 weeks |
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| The developing human organism from about 9 weeks after conception to birth |
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| Agents, such as chemicals and viruses, that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm |
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| Physical and cognitive abnormalities in children caused by a pregnant woman's heavy drinking |
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| A baby's tendency, when touched on the cheek, to open the mouth and search for a nipple |
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| Biological growth processes that enable orderly changes in behavior, relatively uninfluenced by experience |
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| A concept or framework that organizes and interprets information |
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| Interpreting one's new experience in terms of one's existing schemas |
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| Adapting one's current understandings (schemas) to incorporate new information |
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| In Piaget's theory, the stage (from birth to about 2 years) during which infants know the world mostly in terms of their sensory impressions and motor activities |
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| The awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceived |
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| In Piaget's theory, the stage (from 2 to about 6-7 years of age) during which a child learns to use language but does not yet comprehend the mental operations of concrete logic |
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| The principle that properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in the forms of objects |
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| In Piaget's theory, the inability of the preoperational child to take another's point of view |
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| People's ideas about their own and others' mental states- about their feelings, perceptions, and thoughts and the behavior these might predict |
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| A disorder that appears in childhood and is marked by deficient communication, social interaction, and understanding of others' states of mind |
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| Concrete operational stage |
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| In Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development (from about 6-7 to 11 years of age) during which children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events |
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| In Piaget's theory, the state of cognitive development (normally beginning about age 12) during which people begin to think logically about abstract concepts |
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| The fear of strangers that infants commonly display, beginning by about 8 months of age |
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| An emotional tie with another person |
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| A person's characteristic emotional reactivity and intensity |
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| An optimal period shortly after birth when an organism’s exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces proper development |
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| The process by which certain animals form attachments during a critical period very early in life |
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| According to Erik Erickson, a sense that the world is predictable and trustworthy; said to be formed during infancy by appropriate experiences with responsive caregivers |
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| The transition period from childhood to adulthood, extending from puberty to independence |
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| The period of sexual maturation during which a person becomes capable of reproducing |
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| Primary sex characteristics |
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| The body structures that make sexual reproduction possible |
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| Secondary sex characteristics |
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| Female breasts and hips, male voice quality, and body hair are all examples |
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| The first menstrual period |
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| The time when menstruation naturally ceases |
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| A progressive and irreversible brain disorder characterized by gradual deterioration of memory, reasoning, language, and, finally, physical functioning |
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| Research in which people of different ages are compared with one another |
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| Research in which the same people are restudied and retested over a long period |
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| Crystallized intelligence |
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| One's accumulated knowledge and verbal skills; tends to increase with age |
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| One's ability to reason speedily and abstractly; tends to decrease during late adulthood |
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| The culturally preferred timing of social events such as marriage, parenthood, and retirement |
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| The most important of the male sex hormones. Both males and females have it, but the additional levels of it in males stimulates the growth of the male sex organs in the fetus and the development of the male sex characteristics during puberty |
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| A set of expectations (norms) about a social position, defining how those in the position ought to behave |
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| A set of expected behaviors for males and for females |
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| Our sense of being male or female |
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| The acquisition of a traditional masculine or feminine role |
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| Dictates that we learn social behavior by observing and imitating and by being rewarded or punished |
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