Term
| Four primary perspectives to explain motivation |
|
Definition
1. Instinct Theory
2. Drive-Reduction Theory
3. Arousal Theory
4. Hierarchy of Motives |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Instincts are complex behaviors that have fixed patterns
throughout all members of a species and are not learned. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A physiological need creates an aroused tension
state (a drive) that motivates an organism to
satisfy the need |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Rather than reducing a physiological need or tension state, some motivated behaviors increase arousal. Human
motivation aims to seek optimum levels of arousal, not to
eliminate it |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Abraham Maslow suggested that certain needs have priority over others. Physiological needs like breathing, thirst, and hunger come before psychological needs such as achievement, self-esteem, and the need for recognition |
|
|
Term
| Nature/Nurture & Sexual Orientation |
|
Definition
1. Family:Homosexuality seems to run in families.
2. Twin studies:Homosexuality is more common in
identical twins than fraternal twins.
3. Fruit flies:Genetic engineers can genetically
manipulate females to act like males during
courtship and males to act like females.
4. Animals:Exposure of a fetus to testosterone results
in females (sheep) exhibiting homosexual behavior.
5. Humans:Exposure of a male or female fetus to
female hormones results in an attraction to males. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Social bonds boosted our ancestors’ survival
rates. These bonds helped with:
1. Protecting against predators, especially for the
young. Children staying close to their
caregivers is a powerful survival impulse.
2. Procuring food is easier to do in groups.
3. Reproducing the next offspring, finding a
suitable mate. |
|
|
