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| The reason behave the way they do. A need or desire that energizes and directs behavior. Some motives are biological (hunger) and others are social (need for nurture) |
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| A subjective experience or feeling that is accompanied by changes in physiological reactions and behavior. |
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| The part of the brain that controls the autonomic nervous system. Several distinct clusters of neurons regulate different kinds of motivated behavior such as eating, drinking, sexual behavior, aggression, and activity level. |
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| Simple sugar nutrient that provides energy. The form of sugar that circulates in the blood and provides the major source of energy for body tissues. When its level is low, we feel hunger |
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| Neurons that are sensitive to glucose levels |
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| Hormone secreted by the pancreas that plays an important role in converting blood glucose into stored fat |
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| A chemical secreted by one animal that affects the behavior of another |
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| Condition in which a person is 20% or more above the desirable weight |
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| Energy required to maintain the body; people with slow metabolism gain more weight |
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| Mechanism that seems to keep people at roughly the same weight throughout their adult lives. The point at which an individual’s weight thermostat is supposedly set. When the body falls below this weight, an increase in hunger and a lowered metabolic rate may act to retore the lost weight. |
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| The body’s resting rate of energy expenditure. |
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| Eating disorder that is characterized by an irrational pursuit of thinness and concern about gaining weight. Anorexics feel fat, even when they look emaciated. The American Psychiatric Association specifies that a person can be classified as anorexic if body weight is 15% less than specified on standard weight charts and if no known illness accounts for the low weight. |
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| Eating disorder characterized by binge eating, or episodes in which people consume huge amounts of food. Bulimics also engage in some form of purging, such as vomiting or using laxatives. |
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| Desire to do well relative to a standard of excellence. |
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| The need to associate with others and maintain social bonds |
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| Psychophysiological illness |
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| literally, “mind-body” illness; any stress-related physical illness, such as hypertension and some headaches |
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| Desire to perform an activity for its own sake. People are likely to do something - and to do it well - when they find it inherently enjoyable. |
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| Desire to perform an activity because of external rewards |
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| Motivation theory that emphasizes how external goals motivate people to respond and to act. An incentive occurs before people actually do something, and it energizes them to do something - if the incentive is attractive - or not do something - if the incentive is unattractive. |
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| Person’s evaluation of his or her life satisfaction |
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Culture - specific prescriptions about who can show which
emotion, and in what circumstance. For instance, a display rule in our culture says that males should not cry |
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| In the nervous system, the division that helps control the glands, blood vessels, intestines, heart, and other internal organs. The autonomic nervous system usually works automatically, unlike the somatic division |
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| Sympathetic Nervous System |
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| Part of the autonomic nervous system that prepares the body for action through the secretion of epinephrine |
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| Parasympathetic Nervous System |
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| Part of the autonomic nervous system that tends to slow down body functions and conserve energy |
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| Part of the limbic system that receives information from the cortex and other regions of the brain that are responsible for processing more primitive emotions. |
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| An increase in the electrical conductivity of the skin that occurs when sweat glands increase their activity |
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| Lie detector test that simultaneously measures several autonomic changes such as blood pressure, pulse, breathing patterns, and skin conductance. These measures are taken while a person is asked a structured series of questions. The examiner notes the pattern of arousal and decides on the basis of these data whether the person being tested is innocent or guilty. |
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| Theory of emotional proposing that physiological changes are the source of emotional feelings. |
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| Facial feedback hypothesis |
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| Theory of emotion stating that changes in facial expression can cause changes in a person’s emotional state. |
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| Schachter - Singer theory (two factor) |
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| Theory of emotion stating that an emotion-arousing event causes psychological arousal; people examine the external environment to help interpret that event. (Cognitively label the arousal) |
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| The idea that a physiological need creates an aroused tension (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need |
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| A positive or negative environmental stimulus that motivates behavior. |
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| Maslow’s pyramid of human needs, beginning at the base with physiological needs that must first be satisfied before higher- level safety needs and then psychological needs become active |
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| The four stages of sexual responding described by Masters and Johnson –excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution. |
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| A resting period after orgasm, during which a man cannot achieve another orgasm |
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| A problem that consistently impairs sexual arousal or functioning. |
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| A sex hormone, secreted in greater amounts by females than by males. In nonhuman female mammals, estrogen levels peak during ovulation, promoting sexual receptivity |
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| The most important of the male sex hormones. Both males and females have it, but the additional testosterone in males stimulates the growth of the male sex organs in the fetus and the development of the males sex characteristics during puberty |
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| An enduring sexual attraction toward members of either one’s own sex or the other sex. |
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| Goal-oriented leadership that sets standards, organizes work, and focuses attention on goals |
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| Group-oriented leadership that builds teamwork, mediates conflict, and offers support. |
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| The theory that an emotion-arousing stimulus simultaneously triggers a physiological response and the subjective experience of emotion. |
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| A complex behavior that is rigidly patterned throughout a species and is unlearned |
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| emotional release. The catharsis hypothesis maintains that “releasing” aggressive energy (through action or fantasy) relieves aggressive urges |
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| Feel Good-Do Good Phenomenon |
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| people’s tendency to be helpful when alredy in a good mood |
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| self-perceived happiness or staisfaction with life. Used along with measures of objective well-being (for example, physical and economic idicators) to evaluate people’s quality of life. |
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| Adaptation-level phenomenon |
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| Our tendency to form judgments (of sounds, lights, of income) relative to a neutral level defined by our prior experiences. |
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| the perception that we are worse off relative to those with whom we compare ourselves |
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| an interdisciplinary field that integrates behavioral and medical knowledge and applies that knowledge to health and disease. |
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| A subfield of psychology that rovides psychology’s conribution to behavioral medicine |
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| the process by which we perceive and respond to certain events, called stressers, that we appraise as threatening or challenging. |
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| General Adaptation Syndrome |
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| (GAS) Selye’s concept of the body’s adaptive response to stress in three phases- alarm, resistance, exhaustion. |
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| the clogging of the vessels that nouris the heart muscle, the leading cause of death in North America. |
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| Friedman and Rosenman’s term for competitive, hard driving, impatient, verbally aggressive, and anger prone people |
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| Friedman and Rosenman’s term for easygoing, relaxed people |
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