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| the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating |
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| a mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people |
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| a mental image or best example of a category. Matching new items to a prototype provides a quick and easy method for sorting items into categories |
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| a methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem. Contrast with the usually speedier--but also more error prone--use of heuristics |
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| a simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficiently; usually speedier but also more error-prone than algorithms |
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| a sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem; it contrast with strategy-based solutions |
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| the ability to produce novel and valuable |
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| a tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence |
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| the inability to see a problem from a new perspective, by employing a different mental set |
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| a tendency to approach a problem in one articular way, often a way that has been successful in the past |
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| the tendency to think of things only in terms of their usual functions; an impediment to problem solving |
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| judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match, particular prototypes; may lead us to ignore other relevant information |
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| estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory; if instances come readily to mind, we presume such events are common |
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| the tendency to be more confident than correct, to overestimate the accuracy of our beliefs and judgments |
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| clinging to one's initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited |
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| an effortless, immediate, automatic feeling or thought, as contrasted with explicit, conscious reasoning |
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| the way an issue is posed; how an issue is framed can significantly affect decisions and judgments |
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| our spoken written, or signed words and the ways we combine hem to communicate |
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| in language, the smallest distinctive sound unit |
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| in a language, the smallest unit that carries meaning; may be a word or part of a word |
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| in a language, a system of rules that enables us to communicate with and understand others |
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| the set of rules by which we derive meaning from morphemes, words, and sentences in a given language; also, the study of meaning |
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| the rules for combining words into grammatically sensible sentences in a given language |
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| beginning at about 4 months, the stage of speech development in which the infant spontaneously utters various sounds at first unrelated to the household language |
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| the stage in speech development, from about age 1 to 2, during which a child speaks mostly in single words |
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| beginning about age 2, the stage in speech development during which a child speaks mostly tow-word statements |
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| early speech stage in which a child speaks like a telegram, using mostly nouns and verbs |
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| association, imitation, and reinforcement |
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| Skinners belief that language can be learned through sights of things with the sound of words, the words and syntax modeled by others, and with the smiles and hugs when the child says something right |
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| language acquisition device and universal grammar |
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| Chomsky's belief that people come prewired with a switch box and that all human languages therefore have the same grammatical building blocks |
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| Whorf's hypothesis that language determines the way we think |
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