Term
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Definition
| a nucleotide sequence on a DNA molecule to which an RNA polymerase molecule binds, which initiates the transcription of a specific gene |
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Definition
| a specific three-nucleotide sequence on mRNA to which a tRNA molecule will bind initiating translation |
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Term
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Definition
| a three-nucleotide sequence on mRNA that does not code for an amino acid, stopping translation |
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Term
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Definition
| a three-nucleotide sequence encoded by DNA but found on mRNA that codes for an amino acid or signals the start or end of a protein |
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Term
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Definition
| a group of three nitrogenous bases on a tRNA molecule that are complimentary to the codon on mRNA |
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Term
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Definition
| process of protein synthesis, where mRNA is synthesized by using one strand of a DNA molecule as a template |
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Term
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Definition
| process of protein synthesis that takes place at ribosomes and that uses the codons in mRNA molecules to specify the sequence of amino acids in polypeptide chains directing the formation of a specific protein |
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Term
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Definition
| states that information flows in one direction, from DNA to RNA to proteins |
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Term
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Definition
| the formation of proteins by using information contained in DNA and carried by mRNA and includes the processes of transcription and translation |
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Term
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Definition
| type of RNA that is responsible for ribosome function |
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Term
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Definition
| type of RNA that transfers amino acids to the growing end of a polypeptide chain during translation |
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Term
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Definition
| type of RNA that is single-stranded and encodes the information to make a protein |
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Term
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Definition
| a general term used to describe any change in the nucleotide-base sequence of a gene or DNA molecule or a change in chromosomal structure |
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Term
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Definition
| a physical or chemical agent that can damage or cause changes in DNA |
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Term
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Definition
| a mutation typically occurring during replication, which affects a single gene |
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Term
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Definition
| a mutation typically occurring during meiosis, that results from a change in chromosomal structure which will affect many genes |
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Term
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Definition
| a type of frameshift mutation where a nucleotide gets added causing a shift in the reading frame of the nucleotide sequence |
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Term
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Definition
| a mutation in which a nucleotide or a codon in DNA is replaced with a different nucleotide |
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Term
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Definition
| a type of frameshift mutation where a nucleotide is deleted causing a shift in the reading frame of the nucleotide sequence |
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Term
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Definition
| a type of gene mutation that does not affect the resulting protein |
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Term
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Definition
| a type of point mutation in which a single nucleotide change results in a codon that codes for a different amino acid |
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Term
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Definition
| a type of point mutation in a sequence of DNA that results in a premature stop codon |
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Term
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Definition
| Causes a shift in the reading frame of the codon, due to a nucleotide getting added or removed from the triplet sequence |
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Term
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Definition
| A mutation that occurs at a single 1 nucleotide within the genetic sequence and includes both substitution and frameshift mutations |
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Term
| Primary protein structure |
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Definition
| linear sequence of amino acids |
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Term
| Secondary protein structure |
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Definition
| level of protein structure that is formed by the hydrogen bonds resulting in alpha helices and beta-pleated sheets |
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Term
| Tertiary protein structure |
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Definition
| folding of the polypeptide chain into a 3-dimensional structure caused by non-covalent interactions such as disulfide bonds |
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Term
| Quaternary protein structure |
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Definition
| occurs when 2 or more folded polypeptides join together to make a more complex protein |
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Term
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Definition
| a section of DNA that does not code for an amino acid and that is transcribed into RNA but is removed before it is translated |
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Term
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Definition
| the portion of the DNA sequence in a gene that contains a sequence that codes for amino acids which will code for a particular protein |
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Term
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Definition
| an enzyme that catalyzes the formation of RNA by using a strand of a DNA molecule as a template |
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Term
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Definition
| a complex assembly that interacts with the ends of an RNA intron in splicing RNA, releasing the intron, and joining the two adjacent exons |
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Term
| Splicing (RNA processing and editing) |
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Definition
| The process that removes introns from an mRNA sequence and allows for a variety of protein products to be produced |
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Term
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Definition
| organic molecules that contain a carboxyl and an amino group which combine to form proteins |
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Term
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Definition
| one of the four nitrogenous bases that combine with sugar and phosphate to form a nucleotide subunit of RNA and pairs with adenine |
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Term
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Definition
| a segment of DNA that is located in a chromosome and that codes for a specific hereditary trait |
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Term
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Definition
| an organic compound that is made of one or more chains of amino acids and that is a principal component of all cells |
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Term
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Definition
| a long chain of several amino acids indicating the primary structure of a protein |
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Term
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Definition
| cellular organelle composed of RNA and protein; the site of protein synthesis |
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