Term
| What aquatic ecosystems are heavily impacted by human activities? |
|
Definition
coral reefs
mangroves
wetlands |
|
|
Term
| What technological developments have impacted fishing? |
|
Definition
-factory trawlers
-GPS tracking fish stocks
-drag nets
-nets designed to reduce unwanted catches |
|
|
Term
| What effect did a moratorium on cod fishing have on Canadian fishing communities? |
|
Definition
20,000 - 30,000 jobs lost
-some communities still haven't recovered
-social & economic challenges created |
|
|
Term
| Aside from conservation of biodiversity, what other benefits exist from creating marine protected areas? |
|
Definition
-tourism
-shoreline protection |
|
|
Term
| What is UNCLOS and what does it do? |
|
Definition
| United Nations Convention of the Law of the Sea -grants coastal states exclusive sovereignty to explore/manage/conserve/exploit fisheries within 200 nautical miles of their shore |
|
|
Term
| What are some challenges/drawbacks of UNCLOS? |
|
Definition
-many fish stocks are migratory, won't stay within the 200km boundaries of one state so conservation efforts need to be unified
-remainder of oceans are a free-for-all, not regulated |
|
|
Term
| What effect do contaminated waters have on human health? |
|
Definition
-beaches closed periodically due to pollution
-avoid direct contact with water |
|
|
Term
| What are some of the services Chesapeake Bay offers us? |
|
Definition
-recreation
-source of seafood
-underwater vegetation, valuable ecosystem
-tourism
-source of income (fisheries) |
|
|
Term
| Why is Chesapeake Bay particularly vulnerable to human impact? |
|
Definition
| extremely large shoreline, with many big rivers from various states feeding into it, with a vary shallow basin |
|
|
Term
True or False
Scienctists & decision makers are playing a 'catch up' game, trying to predict which chemicals we have introduced will have harmful effects |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are legacy pollutants? Give an example |
|
Definition
-pollutants that were acceptable at the time they were being used, but have been found to be harmful and are now having detrimental effects today, moving their way up the food chain
e.g. PCBs once used in plastics, lubricant, building materials |
|
|
Term
| What is the best course of action for handling the Great Pacific Garbage Patch? |
|
Definition
undecided, have yet to come up with an effective approach
-removing it entirely seems impossible
-need to change out behaviour to prevent it growing further |
|
|
Term
| What are some tools suggested by Worm et. al to rebuild global fisheries? |
|
Definition
-reduce total allowable catch
-reduce total fishing effort
-catch shares (dedicated access priviliges, territorial rights)
-community co-management
-gear restrictions
-closing areas fully
-certification of sustainable fisheries |
|
|
Term
| How are management tools for the fishing industry best implemented? |
|
Definition
| in a bottom-up manner, fishing communities working alongside government & non-governmental organizations |
|
|
Term
| What is the value of creating marine reserves? |
|
Definition
-provides refuge for fish stocks
-protects habitat features
-increases ecosystem resilience
-restores cummunity structure & biodiversity |
|
|
Term
| What is the value of catch shares? |
|
Definition
| provide economic incentive & improves compliance with management process |
|
|
Term
| What are some of the concerns/challenges associated with preserving fish stocks? |
|
Definition
-reducing quotas, fishing effort & capacity eliminates jobs in the short term, creates initial losses so that communities may resist or not comply
-short term cost for long term gain
-government subsidies often promote overfishing & overcapacity
-unreported & illegal fishing can undermine all improvement efforts
-fisheries are shifting from industrial countries to developing world
-illegal fishing is very common here
-industrial fisheries can threaten food security & biodiversity in developing world |
|
|
Term
True or False
Achieving a fish exploitation rate that achieves maximum sustainable yield should be viewed as a management target |
|
Definition
False
This should be an absolute upper limit, we should be aiming for a lower exploitation rate than this |
|
|
Term
| What effect does a loss of biodiversity have on oceans? |
|
Definition
| impairs ocean’s ability to provide food, maintain water quality, recover from disturbances |
|
|
Term
| What effect does a loss of marine flora & fauna have on marine life? |
|
Definition
-loss of populations, species & entire functional groups in coral reefs & coastal fish communities
-diverse food sources important for secondary production & providing energy to levels of web
-less diversity = less stable, greater risk of collapse & extinction
-loss of filtering services = declining water quality, more harmful algae blooms, fish kills, oxygen depletion
-loss of robustness to overexploitation |
|
|
Term
| What effect does loss of marine flora & fauna have on human life? |
|
Definition
-loss of flood control & waste detoxification detrimental to coastal inhabitants
-loss of commercially important fish & taxa = financial loss & food source loss
-less choice for fishermen to target species (can’t switch to allow one species to recover)
Ecosystem Services: viable fisheries (non-collapsed), nursery habitats e.gs seagrass beds, filtering services e.g. suspension feeders & submerged vegetation
-coastal flooding & loss of erosion control
-food security |
|
|
Term
True or False
The oceans are considered to be internationally shared property, other than a limit close to a state's shore |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do pollutants enter the ocean? |
|
Definition
-runoff from agriculture, forestry, urbanized areas, mining, sewage treatment etc.
-solid waste & plastics |
|
|
Term
True or False
Fishing pressures are operating above maximum capacity at the current rate |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Aside from conservation of biodiversity, what other benefits exist from creating marine protected areas? |
|
Definition
-tourism
-shoreline protection |
|
|
Term
| What is UNCLOS and what does it do? |
|
Definition
United Nations Convention of the Law of the Sea
-grants coastal states exclusive sovereignty to explore/manage/conserve/exploit fisheries within 100 nautical miles of their shore |
|
|
Term
| What are some challenges/drawbacks of UNCLOS? |
|
Definition
-many fish stocks are migratory, won't stay within the 200km boundaries of one state so conservation efforts need to be unified
-remainder of oceans are a free-for-all, not regulated |
|
|
Term
| What two agreements/conventions assist in protecting marine environment & biodiversity? |
|
Definition
United Nations Convention of the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS)
United Nations Fish Agreement |
|
|
Term
| What does the UN Fish Agreement call for? |
|
Definition
-the use of the precautionary principle and ecosystem approach;
-states to protect the marine environment (e.g. minimise pollution) and control the fishing activity of their vessels on the high seas;
-the creation of a compulsory and binding dispute settlement mechanism to address conflict
-grants states the right to monitor and inspect vessels of other states to ensure they are complying with regional and international agreements |
|
|
Term
| How does the UN Fish Agreement handle policing, given that there is no global police force to monitor the seas? |
|
Definition
| -participating states can monitor each other & inspect vessels to ensure compliance |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
excess deposition of fertilizer, nitrogen & phosphorous supports excessive algae growth
-algae die, decompose, consume the oxygen in deeper waters where aquatic life
-now no life can be supported |
|
|
Term
| What are some of the services Chesapeake Bay offers us? |
|
Definition
-recreation
-source of seafood
-underwater vegetation, valuable ecosystem
-tourism
-source of income (fisheries) |
|
|
Term
| According to Poisoned Waters, what is the biggest source of water pollution in the US? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What effect do contaminated water systems have on wildlife? |
|
Definition
-mutations
-infertility
-disease
-loss of habitat
-death |
|
|
Term
True or False
The population of striped bass/rockfish in Chesapeake Bay has remained unchanged |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What sort of effect do endocrine disrupters have on marine life? |
|
Definition
-discoloration of the liver
-intersex e.g. male fish producing eggs in testes
-impaired growth, thyroid production, hormone production, reproductive function |
|
|
Term
| Why are fish a good indicator species for studying marine health & potential human impact of water contamination? |
|
Definition
| they have very similar endocrine systems to humans |
|
|
Term
| What was a primary source of PCB pollution in the Duwamish River? |
|
Definition
| PCBs in the joint compound between concrete runways at Boeing flight lines |
|
|
Term
| What is the best course of action for handling the Great Pacific Garbage Patch? |
|
Definition
undecided, have yet to come up with an effective approach
-removing it entirely seems impossible
-need to change out behaviour to prevent it growing further |
|
|
Term
| What are some tools suggested by Worm et. al to rebuild global fisheries? |
|
Definition
-reduce total allowable catch
-reduce total fishing effort
-catch shares (dedicated access priviliges, territorial rights)
-community co-management
-gear restrictions
-closing areas fully
-certification of sustainable fisheries |
|
|
Term
| How are management tools for the fishing industry best implemented? |
|
Definition
| in a bottom-up manner, fishing communities working alongside government & non-governmental organizations |
|
|
Term
| What is the value of creating marine reserves? |
|
Definition
-provides refuge for fish stocks
-protects habitat features
-increases ecosystem resilience
-restores cummunity structure & biodiversity |
|
|
Term
| What is the value of catch shares? |
|
Definition
| provide economic incentive & improves compliance with management process |
|
|
Term
| What are some of the concerns/challenges associated with preserving fish stocks? |
|
Definition
-reducing quotas, fishing effort & capacity eliminates jobs in the short term, creates initial losses so that communities may resist or not comply
-short term cost for long term gain
-government subsidies often promote overfishing & overcapacity
-unreported & illegal fishing can undermine all improvement efforts
-fisheries are shifting from industrial countries to developing world
-illegal fishing is very common here
-industrial fisheries can threaten food security & biodiversity in developing world |
|
|
Term
True or False
Achieving a fish exploitation rate that achieves maximum sustainable yield should be viewed as a management target |
|
Definition
False
This should be an absolute upper limit, we should be aiming for a lower exploitation rate than this |
|
|
Term
True or False
Aquaculture has contributed to the overexploitation of marine biodiversity |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
When water bodies receive excess nutrients, stimulating excessive plant growth
esp. nitrogen & phosphorous |
|
|
Term
| Describe the achievements made in regulation of water pollution, environmental degradation in the 1970's |
|
Definition
-water pollution was a significant concern, public demanded political action
-DDT were banned, auto emissions laws were introduced
-companies were sued for water & air pollution
-Clean Water Act
-Development of Biological Nutrient Removal |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Biological Nutrient Removal
-uses microorganisms & bacteria to eat sewage |
|
|
Term
| How did management of aquatic ecosystems change in the 1980's? |
|
Definition
management was deregulated, a voluntary approach was implemented, gave relief to american businesses
-restricted enforcement abilities of the EPA
-voluntary compliance with recommendations for environmental protection
-lack of accountability
-impossible to deal with a pollution problem that encompasses multiple states with a voluntary program |
|
|
Term
| What is the Clean Water Act? |
|
Definition
-imposed strict pollution limits and penalties for violators
-called for America's waterways to be fishable and swimmable again by 1983
-was not achieved due to deregulation in the 1980's |
|
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